施加生物炭缓解土壤氮流失机理的研究进展  

Advances in nitrogen loss reduction mechanism study by biochar application

作　　者：史广宇[1,2] 吴贝贝 胡嘉源 施维林 SHI Guangyu;WU Beibei;HU Jiayuan;SHI Weilin(School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Suzhou,215009,China;Tianping College of Suzhou University of Science and Technology,Suzhou,215009,China)

机构地区：[1]苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,苏州215009 [2]苏州科技大学天平学院,苏州215009

出　　处：《环境化学》2025年第1期149-163,共15页Environmental Chemistry

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年基金(41807142);苏州市科技局科技计划项目(SNG2020053);苏州市科技局科技计划项目(SNG2022072)资助.

摘　　要：施加生物炭不仅可以抑制农田土壤氮素流失,还可以实现农业废弃物资源化利用.因此,本文分析了现有研究结果,重点剖析生物炭的NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(−)-N吸附容量的差异和施加生物炭对土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构和植物氮吸收能力的影响,综述生物炭抑制土壤氮素流失的机理,并对今后深入研究施加生物炭缓解土壤氮素流失的有关方向进行展望.施加生物炭缓解土壤氮素流失的机理主要为:缓解NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(−)-N的流失、抑制N_(2)O的逸散、提高植物吸收氮素的能力.生物炭不仅拥有较强的NH_(4)^(+)-N吸附能力,还具有提高土壤碳含量、pH值和土壤含水量等能力,从而降低因地表径流和水分入渗导致的NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(−)-N流失量.施加生物炭抑制土壤中N_(2)O的逸散的主要原因是生物炭可以促进土壤中氨氧化古菌、氨氧化细菌、完全氨氧化菌等微生物的富集、提高nxrA、napAB和nrfA等基因的丰度和亚硝酸氧化还原酶活性,以此降低反硝化反应速率.此外,施加生物炭有助于降低根系生长阻力,促进植物根系生长发育,并提高植物吸收氮素的能力,进一步降低土壤溶液中NO_(3)^(−)-N的浓度.未来关于施加生物炭缓解农田土壤氮流失领域的研究建议从以下几个方向展开:探究生物炭热解方式、理化性质和施加方法等因素对农田土壤氮流失的影响;关注生物炭促进土壤中异化硝酸盐还原成铵反应和完全氨氧化反应对减少N_(2)O逸散量的贡献;重视生物炭材料中金属离子对土壤中铁氨氧化反应、厌氧氨氧化反应等氮循环途径的影响.Biochar application can not only reduce the nitrogen loss in farmland,but also realize the resource utilization of agricultural waste.Thus,in this paper,experimental results of existing studies were analyzed,as well as the differences in the adsorption capacity of biochar NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(−)-N and the effects on soil physicochemical properties,microbial community structure,and plant nitrogen absorption capacity,the mechanisms of reducing nitrogen loss from soil by biochar application was clarified,and future research priorities were prospected.The mechanisms of reducing nitrogen loss from soil by biochar application mainly include:reducing the loss of NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(−)-N,mitigating the N_(2)O emission,and improving the ability of plants to absorb nitrogen.Biochar not only has strong NH_(4)^(+)-N adsorption capacity,but also has the ability to increase soil carbon content,pH value and soil water content,so as to reduce the loss of NH_(4)^(+)-N and NO_(3)^(−)-N caused by surface runoff and water infiltration.Biochar application can mitigate N_(2)O emission in the soil is because biochar could enrich the microorganisms such as ammonia oxidizing archaea,ammonia oxidizing bacteria,and cmplete ammonia oxidizing bacteria in the soil,increase the abundance of genes such as nxrA,napAB,and nrfA,and enhance nitrite oxidoreductase activity,thereby reducing the rate of denitrification.Additionally,biochar application could reduce root growth resistance,promote plant root growth,and improve the ability of plants to absorb nitrogen,thereby further reducing the concentration of NO_(3)^(−)-N in the soil.Future research is suggested to be carried out in the following aspects:exploring the effects of biochar pyrolysis methods,physicochemical properties and application methods on nitrogen loss from soil;focusing on the contribution of biochar application to the reduction of N_(2)O emission by improving the efficiency of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium reaction and anammox reaction;emphasizing th

关 键 词：生物炭 土壤 氮流失 吸附 N_(2)O 

分 类 号：X-1[环境科学与工程] O6[理学—化学]