基于水槽试验的矿渣型泥石流启动特征研究:以栾川县康山金矿区为例  

Study on the Starting Characteristics of Mine Debris Flow Based on Flume Test:Take the Kangshan Gold Mining Area in Luanchuan County as an example

作　　者：刘向东[1] 黄虹霖 刘星宇 孙建伟 贾煦 赵兴志 张旭晃 程贤达 孙亚柯 LIU Xiangdong;HUANG Honglin;LIU Xingyu;SUN Jianwei;JIA Xu;ZHAO Xingzhi;ZHANG Xuhuang;CHENG Xianda;SUN Yake(Xi’an Center of Mineral Resources Survey,China Geological Survey,Xi’an 710100,Shaanxi,China;Luanchuan County Natural Resources Bureau,Luanchuan 471500,Henan,China)

机构地区：[1]中国地质调查局西安矿产资源调查中心,陕西西安710100 [2]栾川县自然资源局,河南栾川471500

出　　处：《西北地质》2025年第1期300-314,共15页Northwestern Geology

基　　金：中国地质调查局项目“熊耳山-伏牛山矿集区生态修复支撑调查”(ZD20220218);国家科技资源共享服务平台项目“陕西典型矿床标本资源收集及馆藏标本数字化”(NCSTI-RMF20230214)联合资助。

摘　　要：矿渣型泥石流是一种以大规模的开采矿产资源产生的废石弃渣为主要物源演化形成的一种典型的人为泥石流,具有频发性、人为性、污染性、可控性等特点。为进一步探索底床坡度、冲水流量和颗粒级配等因子对泥石流启动过程的影响和控制作用及各因子间的关系,基于相似性原理,采用比尺结构,以河南省栾川县康山金矿区采矿产生的废石渣堆为主要物源进行水槽试验。通过传感器记录矿渣型泥石流形成过程中的孔隙水压力和含水率的变化情况,并用高清摄像机观测矿渣启动形成泥石流的现象。试验结果表明:①矿渣型泥石流主要以顶面侵蚀型、流态化型、顶面侵蚀+流态化型3种方式启动。②泥石流启动临界孔隙水压力与底床坡度呈负相关关系、与细颗粒含量变化关系不明显。③级配、坡度一定时,随着冲水流量不断增大,泥石流启动临界水量呈现先减小、后增大、再减小趋势,并存在一个最有利于矿渣启动的冲水流量。④冲水流量、级配一定,坡度越大,矿渣越容易启动。⑤坡度、冲水流量一定,细颗粒含量为30.36%矿渣最容易启动。研究结果进一步丰富了对矿渣型泥石流启动机理的认识,可为矿渣型泥石流预警、防治和矿山生态修复提供参考。Mine debris flow is a typical anthropogenic debris flow formed by the evolution of waste rock and slag generated by large-scale mining of mineral resources,which has the characteristics of frequency,human nature,pollution,controllability,and so on.In order to further explore the influence and control of factors such as bottom bed slope,flushing flow and particle gradation on the start-up process of debris flow and the relationship between the factors,based on the principle of similarity,the scale structure is used to carry out flume Test with the waste rock slag pile produced by mining in Kangshan gold mining area in Luanchuan County,Henan Province.The changes of pore water pressure and water content during the formation of mine debris flow were recorded by sensors,and the phenomenon of slag initiation forming debris flow was observed with high-definition cameras.The test shows that the mine debris flow is mainly started in three ways:top erosion type,fluidization type,and top erosion fluidization type;the critical pore water pressure of the debris flow is negatively correlated with the slope of the bottom bed,and the relationship with the change of fine particle content is not obvious;when the gradation and slope are constant,as the flushing flow continues to increase,the critical water volume of the debris flow at the start of the debris flow shows,and there is a flushing flow rate that is most conducive to slag starting;The flushing flow rate and gradation are certain.The larger the slope,the easier it is for slag to start.The slope and flushing flow are certain,and the fine particle content is 30.36%.Slag is the easiest to start.The research results further enrich the mechanism research of mine debris flow initiation,and can provide reference for early warning,prevention and ecological restoration of mine debris flow.

关 键 词：矿渣型泥石流 启动特征 水槽试验 康山金矿区 

分 类 号：P694[天文地球—地质学]