公共领域视野下大模型数据使用行为的著作权定性  

Copyright Characterization of Large Models'Data Use from a Public Domain Perspective

作　　者：黄汇 翟鹏威 Huang Hui;Zhai Pengwei

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学民商法学院

出　　处：《知识产权》2025年第1期94-110,共17页Intellectual Property

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“创新驱动发展战略下知识产权公共领域问题研究”(项目批准号:17ZDA138)。

摘　　要：大模型数据使用行为著作权定性的分歧突显了学理上对该问题之本质尚缺乏统一的认知,而公共领域的研究视角有助于实现从行为合理性的主观评估向客体合法性的客观判断推进。基于大模型产业分层的考量、利益市场的可分割性以及法效果评价的精准化目标,其著作权定性宜在公共领域视角下实施差异化规制。大模型数据训练的真实对象系非作者价值之元知识,对其使用未造成著作权法意义上可认知的损害,其应归入公共领域范畴。但在输出端,若大模型生成内容与训练作品构成实质性相似,则助长了著作权法的逆向激励,不利于著作权对公共领域反哺价值的实现,因此应受到著作权法的严格规制。最后,大模型模仿创作风格的行为则应视情况区分其究竟属于公共领域的利用行为抑或具有不正当竞争性质的搭便车行为,以合理划定其行为的合法性边界。The divergence in the qualitative characterization of copyright in large models'data use highlights the lack of a unified understanding of the essence of this issue in theory,while the research perspective of the public domain helps shift the focus from the subjective evaluation of the rationality of the behavior to objective assessment of the legality of the object.considering the layered structure of the large model industry,the divisibility of the interest market,and the goal of precise evaluation of legal effects,its qualitative characterization of copyright should be regulated differently from the perspective of the public domain.The real object of data training in large models is meta-knowledge devoid of authorial value,which does not cause perceptible harm in the sense of copyright law,so it should be classified as public domain.However,at the output end,if the content generated by large models is substantially similar to the training works,it undermines the incentive function of copyright law and hinders its ability to enrich the public domain.Therefore,it should be strictly regulated by copyright law.Finally,the behavior of large models imitating creative styles should be distinguished according to the circumstances as to whether it constitutes use within the public domain or free-riding with the nature of unfair competition,so as to reasonably define the legal boundaries of its behavior.

关 键 词：大模型数据使用 著作权定性 公共领域 非作者价值 风格模仿 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]