《海牙判决公约》声明法律问题与中国因应  

The Legal Issues of the Declarations in Hague JudgmentsConvention and China’s Response

作　　者：郝梓林 HAO Zilin

机构地区：[1]武汉大学国际法研究所

出　　处：《武大国际法评论》2024年第5期38-55,共18页Wuhan University International Law Review

摘　　要：主权国家或国际组织对国际条约提出保留或者声明,是该国际法主体在条约法下享有缔约能力与缔约自由的结果。在法律性质上,条约保留属于一种国家单方法律行为,不具有排他性法律效果的条约声明是国家契约行为。根据“附条件的主观标准”区分条约保留与解释性声明,《海牙判决公约》第14条第3款“诉讼费用担保”、第17条“限制承认与执行”、第19条“与国家相关判决”、第25条“非单一法律制度”以及第27条“不含成员作为缔约方的区域经济一体化组织”的声明条款属于解释性条约声明,第18条“特定事项”属于具有保留性质的条约声明。《海牙判决公约》的声明条款背后是成员基于国家利益的多次博弈。基于我国在《海牙判决公约》谈判中所持立场以及国内现行法,我国应利用好《海牙判决公约》的声明机制:一方面,我国可以考虑根据《海牙判决公约》第18条的专属管辖事项提出保留;另一方面,还可以根据第17条对不具有涉外因素的纯国内案件以及第25条关于该公约在多法域国家适用的问题提出解释性声明。The reservation or declaration made by a State or international organization to an international treaty is the result of the ability and freedom to conclude treaties entitled by the subject of international law under treaty law.In terms of legal nature,a treaty reservation is a unilateral legal act of a State,while a treaty declaration without exclusive legal effects is a contractual act of a State.Based on“conditional subjective standard”to distinguish between treaty reservations and interpretative declarations,Article 14.3 of the Hague Judgments Convention,“Security for costs of proceedings”,Article 17“Declarations limiting recognition and enforcement”,Article 19“Declarations with respect to judgments pertaining to a State”,Article 25“Declarations with respect to non-unified legal systems”and Article 27“Declarations of REIO as a Contracting Party without its Member States”belong to the nature of interpretative declaration,while Article 18“Declarations with respect to specific matters”is a treaty reservation in nature.Behind the declaration clauses of the Hague Judgments Convention are battles between member States based on national interests.Based on China’s position in the negotiation of the convention and existing domestic laws,China should make good use of the declaration mechanism of the Hague Judgments Convention.On the one hand,China may consider making reservations for its exclusive jurisdiction in accordance with Article 18 of the Convention;on the other hand,China could also make interpretative declarations for purely domestic cases without foreign-related elements according to Article 17 and the application of the Convention to the country which has multi jurisdictions in accordance with Article 25.

关 键 词：海牙判决公约 条约法 解释性声明 条约保留 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]