清代八旗宗族的组织化研究  

Study of the Clans' Organization of Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：张春阳 ZHANG Chunyang(School of History and Culture,Minzu University of China)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学历史文化学院,北京100081

出　　处：《清史研究》2025年第1期65-75,共11页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金中国历史研究院重大项目“边疆治理视域下北疆多语种舆图文献的整理与研究”(23VLS019)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：宗族是清代八旗佐领下的基层社会组织,源于明末女真时期的“穆昆”。牛录的编立及固山的创建,使得八旗宗族逐步脱离地缘关系的束缚,而后金/清国家政权的建立及官僚制的发展,为八旗宗族的组织化提供了政治条件。与中国传统的宗族社会不同,八旗佐领下的宗族组织在仍旧保持一定血缘色彩的同时,宗族组织的政治功能不断增强,成为兼具家族性和行政性的“二元管理机制”。由于民族属性和文化传统的差异等缘故,八旗满洲、蒙古、汉军佐领下的宗族组织呈现出不同的结构,是多民族“大一统”政治格局下清代政权的特色之一。The clan was a basic social organization under the nirus of the Eight Banners in the Qing Dynasty, originating from the mukūn during the Jurchen period in the late Ming Dynasty.The composition and establishment of niru and gūsa gradually freed the clans from the bondage of geographical relations, while the establishment of state power and the development of bureaucracy in the Later Jin and Qing Dynasties provided political conditions for the organization of the clans of Eight Banners. Different from the traditional clan society in China, the clan organization under the Eight Banners still maintained a certain degree of kinship relationships, but its political function was constantly enhanced, becoming a dual management mechanism with both familial and administrative characteristics. Due to the diferences in ethnic attributes and cultural traditions, the clan organizations under the nirus of Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese banners showed diferent structures, which was one of the characteristics of the Qing regime under the multi-ethnic unified political pattern.

关 键 词：八旗 宗族组织 穆昆 佐领 族长 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]