清中后期州县驿传差役雇募机制探析——以《南部档案》为中心  

An Analysis of the Hired Corvee in Postal Delivery System in the Middle and Late Qing Dynasty: Centered on Archives of Nanbu County

作　　者：李翔宇 LI Xiangyu(The Institute of Qing History,Renmin University of China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学清史研究所,北京100872

出　　处：《清史研究》2025年第1期99-108,共10页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“清代驿站史研究”(19ZDA207)阶段性成果;中国人民大学“求是学术—栋梁”育人育才项目“清代军事财政运行机制研究”(RUC24QSDL108)成果。

摘　　要：清初统治者延续明末驿传差役改革,发布诏谕正式将驿传差役“民当”改为“官雇”,百姓统一上缴钱粮以供驿站支用。然而清朝财政体制僵化,朝廷大幅裁减地方经费以充军饷,致使州县驿站经费不敷使用,地方官府点金乏术,只得将雇资再次摊之百姓。百姓并未任凭苛派,而是定立合约章程,试图将摊派钱粮固定化、合理化,以免重回“民当”旧路。在雇募渠道方面,清中后期的夫马雇备从基层组织逐渐转向市集行会,但官府主导下的“强制性雇募”色彩仍然十分浓厚。总之,清中后期的驿传差役雇募机制虽有雇募之名,却行摊派之实;既有强制性雇募弊端,又能将摊派钱粮合理化,呈现出介于“官雇”与“民当”之间的双重面貌。The rulers of the early Qing Dynasty continued the reform of the postal delivery corvee that began in the late Ming Dynasty, and officially issued an edict to change the form of corvee to “hired recruitment” and strictly prohibited illegal apportionment. However, the financial system of the Qing Dynasty was rigid, and the central government drastically reduced local funds to pay the army. As a result, the funds for postal delivery system were insufficient and local officials had to illegally apportion money. In response to this situation, people spontaneously formulated local regulations and tried to fix and rationalize the apportionment of funding. In the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the channels for hiring corvee also gradually shifted from grassroots organizations to market guilds, but the “compulsory” feature under the leadership of the government was still very strong. In short, although personnel of the postal delivery system in the middle and late Qing Dynasty were nominally hired, they were illegally apportioned. On the other hand, although this had the disadvantages of compulsory hire, it rationalized illegal apportionments by establishing local regulations and represented a dual aspect between “hire” and “corvee”.

关 键 词：驿传差役 雇募机制 摊派帮贴 南部档案 清中后期 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]