“大清国”与清朝外交实践中的自我表述  

Amba Daicing Gurun and the Qing's Self-representation in Diplomatic Practice

作　　者：张凌霄[1] ZHANG Lingxiao(School of History,Shandong University)

机构地区：[1]山东大学历史学院,济南250100

出　　处：《清史研究》2025年第1期148-160,共13页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“朝鲜与明清王朝情报交涉研究”(22CSS017)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：18—19世纪,清朝在外交文书中除了自称“中国”以外,还经常使用amba daicing gurun(大清国)表述,这实际是清朝统治者在外交实践中对国际环境和地缘政治变动的一种因应,以及对中国认同的一种灵活表达。本文通过满、蒙、汉、俄文档案和文献,研究了这种外交实践的缘起及演变过程。18世纪前期,清朝面对新的环境和挑战,开始确立和使用amba daicing gurun这一表述,但此时这一话语尚未普及。19世纪中叶以后,作为弱者的清朝开始在外交文书中普遍在国号前添加amba一词,但很快外国亦被赋予“大”国之称。清朝的这种外交实践既反映了中外关系的演变,也在历史上产生了深远影响。From the eighteenth to the nineteenth century, in addition to dulimbai gurun, the phrase amba daicing gurun also regularly appeared in the Qing Dynasty's diplomatic documents.This phenomenon reflects the Qing Dynasty's rulers' corresponding strategy considering changes in the international situation and the geopolitics of diplomatic practice. Based on Manchu,Chinese, Mongolian and Russian archives as well as other materials, this article discusses the origin and development of the Qing's diplomatic practice. The Qing government had begun to use amba daicing gurun, but the discourse was not prevalent before mid-nineteenth century. As a “weak country”, the Qing government used amba before daicing gurun to deal with negative situation widely since the mid-nineteenth century. Notwithstanding, foreign countries were also soon called “Great” States. The Qing government's diplomatic practice not only reflected the evolution of Sino-foreign relations, but also had profound influences in history.

关 键 词：清朝 中外关系 外交实践 大清国 

分 类 号：K249[历史地理—历史学]