危险的馈赠:咸同年间俄国送华枪炮与教习始末(1856—1862)  

Dangerous Gifts: Russia Firearms and Trainers Sent to China during Xianfeng and Tongzhi Reigns(1856-1862)

作　　者：丁国宗 DING Guozong(Institute of Modern History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《清史研究》2025年第1期161-172,共12页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：“国家资助博士后研究人员计划”(GZC20241991)资助。

摘　　要：1856年2月,俄国为配合远东扩张,决定赠送清廷枪炮以助其镇压国内起义。1858年5月,俄国驻华大使普提雅廷首次向清廷正式提议馈赠枪炮与教习用以对抗英法联军,但被咸丰帝拒绝。第一次大沽口战役结束后,普提雅廷再次提议并经咸丰帝同意,但武器中途却由新任大使伊格那提耶夫移交远东总督穆拉维约夫。1860年底,俄国在签订《北京条约》并获得利益保障后第三次提议,清廷再度接受,枪炮分两次送交清廷,并且俄人在恰克图训练清兵。但俄国未能借此安抚清廷,反而因其扩张与附加条件引起后者戒心,清廷最终将英法作为学习与依靠的对象。To expand its influence in the Far East, Russia decided to provide firearms to the Qing court in February 1856. On May 1, 1858, For the first time, E.V. Putyatin, the Russian ambassador to China, formally proposed a gift of firearms and trainers to assist the Qing court's resistance against the British and French allied forces, but the Qing emperor Xianfeng turn it down. After the first Battle of Taku Forts, Putyatin proposed it again and Emperor Xianfeng accepted, but the by the new ambassador, N. P. Ignatyev only transferred the firearms midway to the governor of East Siberia, N. N. Muravyov, rather delivering them to the Qing Court. At the end of 1860, Russia proposed the plan a third time after the signing of the Beijing Treaty to secure its interests, and the Qing Court accepted it again. The firearms were sent to the Qing Court in two separate stages, and Russians trained the Qing army in Kyakhta. However, Russia failed to mollify the Qing Court, and instead aroused the court's wariness because of its own expansion and additional conditions for the transfers and training. Finally, the Qing court turned to Britain and France as a model for military reforms.

关 键 词：俄国枪炮 第二次鸦片战争 咸丰帝 普提雅廷 中外格局 

分 类 号：K255[历史地理—历史学]