清末科举废除后“佾生科名”鬻卖现象探赜  

An Exploration of the Selling Phenomenon of Yisheng after the Abolition of Imperial Examinations in the Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：姚春敏 YAO Chunmin(School of History and Culture,Qufu Normal University)

机构地区：[1]曲阜师范大学历史文化学院,曲阜273165

出　　处：《清史研究》2025年第1期173-185,共13页The Qing History Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“历代石刻戏剧史料整理研究及数据库建设”(22&ZD261)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：佾生亦称乐舞生,即官方祭祀中担任乐舞的人员。有清一代,一改明代道士充任制度,实行“改羽为民”。乾隆朝后,佾生由地方学政在未考取的童生中选充,赐予顶戴,自此跻身儒生行列。1840年鸦片战争加上接踵而至的咸同军兴,致使大量庙学被毁,佾生选拔停滞。科举废除后,清政府去除了进士等科名,却将近代学堂制度和佾生科名嫁接在一起。由此,大量佾生科名被地方学官大量出卖。此现象的形成,既有民众被持续千年科举选士的强大惯性驱动,亦有学官趁势贪污的投机,归根结底是清政府为维护“传统”对祀孔加强和学制改革不彻底所导致的结果。Yisheng, also known as music and dance students, were personnel who served as musicians and dancers in official sacrifices. In the Qing dynasty, there was a transition from the Ming dynasty's employment of Daoist priests to ordinary people. After the Qianlong Dynasty,local school administrations selected yisheng from the children who failed to pass the exams and gave them official positions, afterwards they joined the ranks of Confucian scholars. The Opium War of 1840, coupled with the system implemented in Xianfeng and Tongzhi periods, resulted in the destruction of many Confucian Temple schools and the stagnation of the yisheng. After the abolition of the imperial examination, the Qing government removed the title of jinshi and other scholarly honors but grafted the modern school system and yisheng together. As a result,many yisheng scholarly honors were sold by local school officials, and there was a scene of mass purchases. The phenomenon of mass purchases was driven by the persistent inertia of the imperial examination for thousands of years, and academic exploiting the situation for corrupt speculation.In the final analysis, it was the Qing government's determination to maintain “tradition” and the incomplete reform of the school system that led to this result.

关 键 词：佾生 乐舞生 改羽为民 科举废除 

分 类 号：K257[历史地理—历史学]