杂字习读与记账登簿——兼谈明清以来民众识字率基准问题  

Zazi Recognition and Account Registration:Revisiting the Benchmark of Popular Literacy Rates Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：温海波 Wen Haibo

机构地区：[1]江西师范大学历史文化与旅游学院

出　　处：《江海学刊》2025年第1期209-219,256,共12页Jianghai Academic Journal

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“清代农家账簿中的乡村经济和社会史料整理与研究”(项目号:22&ZD078);国家社科基金项目“明清以来杂字读物的知识社会史研究”(项目号:23BZS071)和“赣鄱英才计划”的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：明代中叶以后,识字教学体系发展出多元结构,在科举启蒙教育之外,生产流传着一种专为登账记簿服务的记账杂字。这类读物通过拣选簿记的常用字,由字词类聚或韵文汇编,既用作集中识字的读本,也可当工具字典查用。记账杂字的使用大大降低了登簿记账的难度,为重新认识传统民众的读写能力提供了直接有效的证据。基于记账杂字的定性和定量研究,有必要在明清以来的日常生活中定位识字率基准,认识到记账能力在乡民生活中的基础性和重要性。由此,立足不同类型的民间文献的读写实践,理解识字的多重意义与功用,进而开启对传统中国民众识字率的微观研究。Beginning in the mid-Ming dynasty,literacy education in China became increasingly diverse,leading to the emergence of a unique category of texts known as Zazi(miscellaneous characters),specifically designed for bookkeeping purposes.These compilations,often organized by word class or rhyme,functioned as both literacy primers and practical reference tools.By simplifying bookkeeping processes,Zazi offer valuable evidence for redefining the literacy capabilities of ordinary people in traditional Chinese society.Through qualitative and quantitative analyses of Zazi,we can establish literacy benchmarks rooted in the everyday experiences of Ming and Qing populations,emphasizing the significance of bookkeeping skills in rural life.Exploring literacy through the lens of folk literature provides a nuanced understanding of its broader functions,offering fresh insights into the micro-level study of popular literacy in traditional China.

关 键 词：杂字记账 能力 账簿 识字率 明清以来 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学] G529[历史地理—中国史]