汽车新污染物识别清单、风险特征和管控建议  

Inventories,risk characteristics and management recommendations for emerging pollutants in vehicles

作　　者：赵曦 蔡晓伟 周梦杰 韦斯[2] ZHAO Xi;CAI Xiaowei;ZHOU Mengjie;WEI Si(Shenzhen Hanyu Environmental Science&Technology Co.Ltd.;School of Environment,Nanjing University)

机构地区：[1]深圳市汉宇环境科技有限公司 [2]南京大学环境学院

出　　处：《环境工程技术学报》2025年第1期339-348,共10页Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(22376092);国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3706601)。

摘　　要：对比国内外相关管控清单,识别出汽车潜在的20大类共55种新污染物。按汽车材料分析,塑料材质零部件可能含有的新污染物种类最多,其次为橡胶、涂料和纺织品;涉及材料种类最多的新污染物为邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs),其次为全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)、氯化石蜡(CPs)、壬基酚(NPs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)。风险特征分析结果显示,汽车内空气环境PAEs类的邻苯二甲酸二(α-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)的致癌风险值和PFASs类的全氟辛酸(PFOA)的非致癌风险值最高,DEHP的致癌风险最大值为9.45×10^(−7),略低于美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)规定的基本值1×10^(−6),PFOA的非致癌风险最大值为0.11,低于US EPA规定的基本值1。通过对国内外汽车有害物质管控的法规进行对比分析,总结了国内相关法规存在的不足。建议开展替代技术研究、制定无意痕量新污染物标准体系、制定汽车行业新污染物管控指南和建立汽车新污染物检测指标体系。By comparing the relevant control inventories,55 potential emerging pollutants across 20 vehicle categories were identified.Among various materials,plastic components were found to contain the most types of these pollutants,followed by rubber,coatings,and textiles.The most widespread emerging pollutants across materials are phthalates(PAEs),followed by perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs),chlorinated paraffin(CPs),nonylphenols(NPs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).Risk characteristic analysis revealed that the carcinogenic risk from Bis(α-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)in vehicle indoor air has the highest value at 9.45×10^(−7),which is below the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)threshold of 1×10^(−6).The noncarcinogenic risk of Pentadecafluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)has the highest value at 0.11,again lower than the EPA's threshold value of 1.A comparative analysis of domestic and international regulations on hazardous substances in vehicles highlighted the shortcomings of relevant Chinese laws and regulations.Some suggestions were finally provided,including conducting further research into alternative technologies,developing a standard system for unintentional trace emerging pollutants,formulating guidelines for emerging pollutants control in the vehicle industry,and establishing a detection index system for these pollutants in vehicles.

关 键 词：汽车 新污染物 清单 风险特征 管理建议 

分 类 号：X503[环境科学与工程—环境工程]