哺乳动物外泌体:分离纯化、临床应用与展望  

Mammalian Exosomes: Isolation and Purification, Clinical Applications and Prospects

作　　者：姜姗姗 尹羽琪 厉芊妤 张靓语 杨玫 王永华 JIANG Shanshan;YIN Yuqi;LI Qianyu;ZHANG Liangyu;YANG Mei;WANG Yonghua(School of Life Sciences,Yunnan University,Kunming 650504,China;Center for Life Sciences,Yunnan University,Kunming 650504,China)

机构地区：[1]云南大学生命科学学院,昆明650504 [2]云南大学生命科学研究中心,昆明650504

出　　处：《中国生物工程杂志》2024年第12期51-63,共13页China Biotechnology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(3207050373);云南省基础研究计划重点项目(202101AS070002)资助项目。

摘　　要：外泌体作为细胞分泌的纳米级细胞外小囊泡,不仅在细胞间通信中扮演重要角色,还携带多种生物活性物质,如核酸、蛋白质和脂质等,从而在机体的生理和病理过程中发挥关键作用。由于其内生性和生物相容性,外泌体在疾病诊断、生物标志物发现及治疗领域展现出独特优势,尤其是与合成载体如脂质体和纳米颗粒相比。然而,外泌体的分离纯化效率低和靶向性弱等技术挑战限制了其在临床应用中的发展。综述了外泌体的起源、分类及现有的分离纯化技术,并对比了各种技术的优势和局限性。此外,还探讨了外泌体在疾病诊断和治疗中的应用,并展望了未来技术发展和临床应用的可能方向,旨在为外泌体的功能研究和临床应用提供新视角和策略。Exosomes,nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by cells,play a critical role in mediating intercellular communication and transporting a variety of bioactive substances,including nucleic acids,proteins,and lipids.These vesicles play a significant role in both physiological and pathological processes of the body.Due to their endogenous origin and biocompatibility,exosomes offer distinct advantages over synthetic carriers such as liposomes and nanoparticles,particularly in the area of disease diagnostics,biomarker discovery,and therapeutic applications.However,their clinical utility is currently hampered by challenges such as low efficiency in isolation and purification,and limited targeting capabilities.This article provides a comprehensive overview of exosomes,including their origin,classification,and recent advances in isolation and purification techniques.It critically evaluates the strengths and limitations of these methods.Additionally,the review discusses the burgeoning applications of exosomes in disease diagnostics and therapeutics,highlighting their potential and future prospects.By providing novel insights and strategies,this review aims to pave the way for more effective use of exosomes in clinical and research settings,thereby unlocking their full potential for healthcare innovation.

关 键 词：外泌体 外泌体分离 临床诊断 靶向药物递送 治疗 

分 类 号：Q819[生物学—生物工程]