基因重复驱动的演化:基因组学时代的回顾与展望  

Evolution by gene duplication:in the era of genomics

作　　者：沈洁宇 苏天晗 余大奇 谭生军 张勇[1,2] Jieyu Shen;Tianhan Su;Daqi Yu;Shengjun Tan;Yong EZhang(Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution,Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;AstraGenomics,Beijing 100095,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院动物研究所,动物进化与系统学院重点实验室,北京100101 [2]中国科学院大学,北京100049 [3]北京星辰集因科技有限责任公司,北京100095

出　　处：《遗传》2025年第2期147-171,共25页Hereditas(Beijing)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(编号:32325014);国家重点研发计划项目(编号:2019YFA0802600);中国科学院基础前沿科学研究计划(编号:ZDBS-LY-SM005)资助。

摘　　要：基因重复指基因组中一个基因通过多样化的分子机制从一个基因拷贝形成两个或多个重复拷贝的过程,是新基因起源的重要途径之一,对真核生物基因组贡献了约为一半的基因,也推动了物种的适应性演化。在过去50年中,特别是近20年进入组学时代以来,演化遗传学领域对于重复基因的产生机制、演化历程与演化动力展开了广泛而深入的讨论。一方面,重复基因的序列相似性带来的功能冗余使机体具有更强的稳健性;另一方面,重复基因的功能分歧带来了新功能与可演化性的提升。本文全面介绍了上述基因重复的机制、重复基因的命运及演化模型,最后展望了三代测序技术、基因编辑等各种高通量技术将进一步推动重复基因在遗传-发育-演化网络中角色的解析。Gene duplication is the process of a gene copied via specific molecular mechanisms to form more duplicate genes.As an important approach to the origination of new genes,gene duplication contributes to around half of the genes in eukaryotic genomes,facilitating the adaptive evolution of species.Over the past fifty years,especially since entering the genomics era in the last two decades,there have been extensive and profound discussions on the mechanisms,evolutionary processes and forces behind the emergence of duplicate genes.Sequence similarity of duplicate genes often leads to functional redundancy,enhancing organismal robustness.Conversely,functional divergence can create novel functions and improve evolvability.In this review,we summarize the mechanism of gene duplication,the fate and the evolutionary models of duplicate genes.This article concludes by outlining how long-read sequencing technologies,gene editing,and various other high-throughput techniques will further advance our understanding of the role of duplicate genes in the genetics-development-evolution network.

关 键 词：基因重复 全基因组重复 逆转录转座 功能冗余 新功能化 亚功能化 

分 类 号：Q311[生物学—遗传学]