脊椎动物染色体在序列和空间构象的演化  

The evolution of sequences and spatial conformation in vertebrate chromosomes

作　　者：刘靖 周琦 Jing Liu;Qi Zhou(MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology,Life Sciences Institute,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学生命科学研究院,生命系统稳态与保护教育部重点实验室,杭州310058

出　　处：《遗传》2025年第2期183-199,共17页Hereditas(Beijing)

基　　金：国家科技部重点研发计划(编号:2023YFA1800500);国家自然科学基金项目(编号:32170415)资助。

摘　　要：染色体作为位于细胞核中的基本遗传物质单位,在真核生物的演化历史中经历了广泛和复杂变化,很多变化的模式和机制在各种包括癌症在内的疾病中拥有共性。但很长时间内生物学家只能局限于基于荧光原位杂交技术等分辨率比较低的研究手段。当前日新月异的高通量测序技术正在快速革新人们对不同物种、同一物种不同个体甚至是单个个体不同细胞水平染色体变化的认识。本文聚焦于脊椎动物的染色体演化,概述了染色体重排在物种形成中的作用,驱动染色体重排的分子机制,祖先染色体到现今染色体的演变模式,以及性染色体作为研究染色体演化的一般范式意义,最后讨论了合成生物学为染色体演化研究领域带来的新机遇和挑战,以期为理解和研究脊椎动物的染色体演化提供新的见解和参考。Chromosomes,as the fundamental unit of genetic material located within the cell nucleus,have undergone extensive and complex changes throughout the evolutionary history of eukaryotes.Many of these patterns and mechanisms of change share commonalities across various diseases,including cancer.For a long time,biologists were limited to research methods with relatively low resolution,such as fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).However,the rapid advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies is revolutionizing our understanding of chromosomal variations across different species,among individuals of the same species,and even at the cellular level within a single individual.In this review,we focus on the chromosomal evolution in vertebrates,and provide an overview of the role of chromosom rearrangements in speciation,the molecular mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements,the evolutionary patterns from ancestral chromosomes to extant chromosomes,and the significance of sex chromosomes as a general paradigm for studying chromosomal evolution.Finally,we discuss the new opportunities and challenges that synthetic biology brings to the field of chromosomal evolution research,with the aim of offering new insights and references for understanding and studying vertebrate chromosomal evolution.

关 键 词：染色体 脊椎动物 染色体重排 性染色体 

分 类 号：Q953[生物学—动物学]