洗车废水VOCs的特征、健康风险和异味活性  

Characteristics,Health Risks and Odor Activity of VOCs in Car Washing Wastewater

作　　者：王亚玲 孙成一 蒋宝 王海林 WANG Yaling;SUN Chengyi;JIANG Bao;WANG Hailin(Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Eco-environmental Protection,Beijing 100037,China)

机构地区：[1]北京市生态环境保护科学研究院,北京100037

出　　处：《环境科学研究》2025年第2期262-271,共10页Research of Environmental Sciences

基　　金：北京市生态环境保护科学研究院院基金项目(No.Y2021-001)。

摘　　要：为了探索洗车废水中VOCs的污染特征和健康影响,对北京市某区随机抽取60家汽修企业,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和气相色谱-离子迁移谱,对洗车废水中VOCs的组分特征、健康风险和异味指纹图谱进行了研究。结果表明:①洗车废水中总VOCs浓度范围为11.60~1300.00μg/L,包括芳香烃类和卤代烃类。芳香烃类中检出率较高(>10%)的物质为甲苯、1,2,4-三甲基苯、邻二甲苯、间,对-二甲苯、1,3,5-三甲基苯,其浓度范围分别为1.00~683.00、1.60~84.00、2.00~38.00、3.00~62.00、3.50~15.30μg/L;卤代烃类中检出率较高(>10%)的物质为氯仿、二氯甲烷,其浓度范围分别为0.70~20.60、0.90~419.00μg/L。②经亨利常数计算废水释放到洗车间空气的VOCs与废水VOCs污染特征相似(矩阵相似度余弦值为0.945),洗车间空气ΣVOCs浓度为0.05~291.17 mg/m^(3),检出率和浓度较高的组分是甲苯(0.27~185.38 mg/m^(3))和二氯甲烷(0.12~55.70 mg/m^(3)),其他检出率较高的VOCs包括1,2,4-三甲基苯、邻-二甲苯、间,对-二甲苯、1,3,5-三甲基苯和氯仿,其浓度范围分别为0.40~21.15、0.42~8.05、0.88~18.20、1.25~5.48、0.11~3.09 mg/m^(3)。③8.3%~40.0%的企业甲苯、二甲苯和三甲苯具有非致癌风险(1.00~80.48),1.7%~10.0%的企业二氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯乙烯、环氧氯丙烷、1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷和1,2,3-三氯丙烷的致癌风险(10^(-6)~5.45×10^(-5))需要引起关注,1.7%~43.3%的企业氯仿、氯乙烯、1,2-二氯乙烷、四氯乙烯、三氯乙烯的致癌风险(10^(-4)~1.79×10^(-2))需要重点关注。④本文构建了洗车废水20种异味风险较高的物质清单,主要为C2-C8含氧、含硫和含氮异味物质。研究显示,废水中VOCs释放将导致洗车间空气VOCs浓度水平较高,洗车废水具有健康风险和异味风险,需协同实施消费品VOCs含量限值和绿色产品全生命周期管控技术。To investigate the characteristics and health risks of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in car washing wastewater,along with odor fingerprint,60 vehicle maintenance enterprises were randomly selected from a district in Beijing.Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer(GC-MS)and gas chromatography-ion migration spectrometry(GC-IMS)were employed to identify VOCs and odorous substances in the wastewater.The findings reveal that the total concentration of VOCs ranges from 11.60 to 1300.00μg/L,comprising aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons.Among the aromatic hydrocarbons,toluene(1.00-683.00μg/L),1,2,4-trimethylbenzene(1.60-84.00μg/L),o-xylene(2.00-38.00μg/L),m-xylene and p-xylene(3.00-62.00μg/L)and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene(3.50-15.30μg/L)are common components with detection rates above 10%.Similarly,halogenated hydrocarbons like chloroform(0.70-20.60μg/L)and dichloromethane(0.90-419.00μg/L)also exhibited high detection rates(10%).The concentration of VOCs in the car washing room was estimated using Henry's constants and wastewater VOCs.A significant similarity in pollution characteristics was noted,with a cosine value 0.945 between two concentration matrices of VOCs.The total VOCs content in the car washing room ranged from 0.05-291.17 mg/m^(3).Notably,toluene(0.27-185.38 mg/m^(3))and dichloromethane(0.12-55.70 mg/m^(3))were the predominant components,showing high detection rates and concentrations.Other common components include 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene,o-xylene,m-xylene and p-xylene,1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and chloroform,with concentration levels ranging from 0.40 to 21.15 mg/m^(3),0.42 to 8.05 mg/m^(3),0.88 to 18.20 mg/m^(3),1.25 to 5.48 mg/m^(3),0.11 to 3.09 mg/m^(3),respectively.Toluene,xylene and trimethylbenzene were identified to pose noncarcinogenic risks(hazardous indexes between 1.00 and 80.48)for 8.3%-40.0%of vehicle maintenance enterprises.Conversely,dichloromethane,1,2-dichloroethane,tetrachloroethylene,epichlorohydrin,1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and 1,2,3-trichloropropane exhibited carcinogenic risks(rangin

关 键 词：洗车废水 亨利常数 健康风险 异味风险指数 

分 类 号：X511[环境科学与工程—环境工程] X512