司徒活佛名号来源考辨  

A Study on the Origins of the Name of Situ Reincarnation Lineage

作　　者：姚婧媛 YAO Jing-yuan

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学宗教研究中心,西安710062

出　　处：《中国藏学》2024年第5期83-92,216,共11页China Tibetology

基　　金：国家社科基金青年项目“民族交往交流交融视阈下的康区高僧司徒班钦(1699/1700—1774)研究”(项目编号23CMZ007)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：作为中央王朝官职的“司徒”起源于周制。周朝至元代间,司徒这一官职从设立之初位列八政到逐渐丧失实权,先后历经了数次变革。元代统治者除了封授国师、帝师外,也将“司徒”授封给西藏僧俗首领,这一史实在汉文及藏文史料中均不乏记载。明代对藏地司徒的授封为延续元代传统的产物。目前学界对司徒活佛名号的由来主要有两种观点:一是来源于元代对第一世司徒活佛曲吉坚赞的授封,二是来源于明朝对其的授封。事实上,第一种观点并没有足够的史料证据支撑。永乐十一年敕封第一世司徒为“灌顶圆通妙济国师”的诏书中已然称其为“葛里麻寺司徒绰思吉监藏”,因而第二种观点也有待商榷。文章通过对司徒班钦所撰写的曲吉坚赞小传以及噶玛寺法嗣等材料的分析发现,自噶玛寺第十二任法座罗卓坚赞起,历任法座均冠有司徒名号。在史籍中明确记载被授予大司徒之印的噶玛囊巴当为噶玛寺第十一任座主达玛索南,授封者则为元顺帝妥懽帖睦尔。司徒曲吉坚赞圆寂后,依七世噶玛巴的授记,为其找到了转世,司徒活佛转世系统才逐渐形成,曲吉坚赞便被认为是拥有司徒活佛名号的第一人。司徒历经了由中央王朝官职到寺院法座称号,再到活佛转世系统名号的转变。这一现象是民族交往交流交融的产物,这一历程展现出了涉藏地区对以司徒为代表的中原文化上层建筑的深层次接纳,以及汉、藏民族在历史上水乳交融的关系。As an official system of the central dynasty,"Situ"originated from the Zhou Dynasty.From the Zhou Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty,the position of Situ went through several changes.In addition to the title of State Preceptor and Imperial Preceptor,the ruler of the Yuan Dynasty also awarded"Situ"to the monks and lay leaders of Xizang.This historical fact is recorded in both Chinese and Tibetan historical materials.The awarding of the title of Situ in Xizang in the Ming Dynasty is the product of continuing the tradition of Yuan Dynasty.At present,there are two views on the origin of the name of Situ reincarnation lineage.First,the name of Situ reincarnation comes from the granting of title to Situ Chos kyi rGyal mtshan in the Yuan Dynasty.The second is from the Ming Dynasty to the same character.In fact,there is no enough historical evidence to support the first view.The edict of 1413 granting the first Situ the title of"Guanding Yuantong Miaoji Guoshi"already called him"Karma Situ Chos kyi rgyal mtshan".Therefore,the second argument is also debatable.Through the analysis of the short biography of Chos kyi rgyal mtshan written by Situ Parichen and the Karmavi gdan rabs,it can be found that since the 12th abbot of Karma Monastery,Bio gros rgyal mtshan,each of his predecessors bears the title of Situ.Karma Nangpa,who was awarded the seal of Td situ in the historical records,was the 11th abbot Dar ma bsod nams of Karma Monastery,and it was awarded by the Yuan Emperor Toγan temür.Situ has experienced from the central dynastic official system to the title of monastic seat,then to the transformation of the name of the reincarnation lineage.This phenomenon is the product of ethnic communication and integration,which shows the deep acceptance of the Central Plains cultural superstructure and the relationship between Han and Tibetan ethnic groups in history.

关 键 词：司徒 官职 司徒活佛名号 噶玛噶举 

分 类 号：K28[历史地理—历史学]