略论西藏考古出土的金银器类型与功能  

A Brief Discussion on the Types and Functions of Gold and Silver Wares Unearthed in Xizang

作　　者：何伟 李林辉 HE Wei;LI Lin-hui

机构地区：[1]西藏自治区文物保护研究所,拉萨850000

出　　处：《中国藏学》2024年第5期32-42,213-214,共13页China Tibetology

基　　金：西藏自治区科技重大专项项目(项目编号:XZ202201ZD0002G)资助

摘　　要：西藏出土金银器集中于早期金属时代与吐蕃时期,其在类型、工艺、文化影响和社会意义等方面,展现出西藏古代社会多元文化交融的内涵。西藏出土金面饰按功能分为面饰、首饰、生活用品和装饰小件四类。金面饰可分为小体形、大体形、拼凑形面饰。小体形和大体形面饰均出自阿里地区,前者挂附于墓主身上,后者覆与墓主面部时需用纺织物垫衬,拼凑形面饰仅在当雄墓地出土。这些金面饰皆为随葬专用,承担“压胜”功能。金首饰造型简约,金挂饰上的穿孔修补痕迹体现当时人们对此类饰品的珍视程度。生活用具仅当雄吐蕃墓地金耳勺一件,直观展现了吐蕃与唐王朝通过金银器的流动来促进良好关系的建立。金银装饰小件数量多,但被装饰器物的类型却大多不明,这些金银装饰小件可能与吐蕃王室服饰特点、身份标识相关。西藏出土金银器与周边考古学文化有着广泛的联系。西藏阿里金面饰下衬纺织物的习俗与甘肃西北部、新疆东部吐鲁番盆地相似,体现中原文化在丧葬习俗方面对西藏地区的影响,根据当雄墓地出土的金耳勺型制和纹饰,可推测其可能是来自中原的赏赐品。西藏阿里的金面饰还受到欧亚草原金面具影响,传播路径应是经过了新疆地区,且这种影响还延伸至喜马拉雅山脉南麓。吐蕃拼凑形金面饰则表现出西藏中部的政治中心的文化向东拓展之势。查加沟墓地马形牌饰有鲜卑文化因素,体现了西藏可能与北方游牧文化存在着交流。The unearthed gold and silver objects in Xizang mainly focus on the early Metal Age and Tubo period,which show the connotation of multi-cultural integration in ancient Tibetan society in terms of types,crafts,cultural influence and social significance.Gold artifacts unearthed in Xizang related to face decoration can be divided into four categories according to function:ornaments for facial adornment,jewelry items,daily necessities,and small decorative pieces.Gold face decoration can be divided into small shape,large shape,patchwork shape.Small shape and large shape face decoration are from mNgav ris area,the former hanging on the body of the tomb owner,the latter,which covers the face of the tomb owner,needs to be backed with textile.Patchwork face decoration was only unearthed in the vDam gzhung cemetery.These gold ornaments are dedicated to burial,bearing the"amulet"function.The shape of the gold jewelry is simple,and the perforation repair traces on the gold hanging jewelry reflect how much people valued such jewelry at that time.Only one piece of gold ear spoon was unearthed in the Tubo cemetery in vDam gzhung,and this fact directly indicates the establishment of good relations between the Tubo and the Tang Dynasty through the flow of gold and silver.There are a large number of gold and silver decorative small pieces,but the types of the objects to be decorated are mostly unknown.These gold and silver decorative small pieces may be related to the characteristics of Tubo royal dress and identity.There are extensive connections between the unearthed gold and silver in Xizang and the surrounding archaeological culture.The custom of lining fabrics under gold ornaments in mNgav ris area of Xizang is similar to that in northwestern Gansu Province and Turpan Basin in eastern Xinjiang,reflecting the influence of the Central Plains culture on the funeral customs in Xizang.According to the gold ear scoop shape and decoration unearthed in the cemetery of vDam gzhung,it can be inferred that it may be a gift from the Cent

关 键 词：西藏 出土金银器 功能特点 制作工艺 文化影响 

分 类 号：K878.8[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]