从西藏“牦牛镜”的发现看西藏高原早期金属时代  

The Early Metal Age in the Xizang Plateau from the Discovery of "Yak Mirror" in Xizang

作　　者：霍巍[1] HUO Wei

机构地区：[1]四川大学历史文化学院,成都610064

出　　处：《中国藏学》2024年第5期1-9,212,共10页China Tibetology

摘　　要：西藏何时进入到早期金属器时代?考古学提供的证据最为重要。文章认为,近年来在拉萨发现的刻有牦牛图像的青铜镜,为破解这一问题提供了关键性的线索。通过对曲贡遗址考古出土的带柄镜的比较,可以发现曲贡石室墓所出青铜带柄镜具有同样纹饰,由此确认这类刻划牦牛图案的青铜镜的确切年代和铸造工艺。再由此与周边地区青铜文化相比较,对于西藏高原早期金属器产生及其相关问题得出了新的结论。西藏早期金属时代”的起点,现在看来可以从曲贡遗址早期地层中发现的这枚青铜箭镞的年代为起始点,即距今4000年前后。与此同时,在青藏高原的西部地区、东部地区,也相继进入到青铜时代和早期铁器时代,青铜和铁器这两个时代可能的分界线约可划定在距今2000年前后。但同时使用铜铁两种金属的情况也出现在这个时期。制作曲贡镜和牦牛镜这类被学者们称之为“藏式有柄镜”系统的带柄铜镜,其母型应是来源于北方欧亚草原和南亚印度河流域,但却在镜身形制、镜背的錾花工艺、装饰纹样、镜柄与基座的接头方式、合金成分等方面,体现出西藏高原本土的特点,并且与青藏高原东麓川西北、滇西北等“西南夷系统”的青铜工艺之间有着密切的联系,二者之间很可能通过“石棺葬文化”形成的“文化传播带”发生相互之间的影响。When did Xizang enter the Early Metal Age? Archaeology provides the most important evidence.The bronze mirrors engraved with yak images found in Lhasa in recent years provide a key clue to solve this problem.Through the comparison of the mirror with handle unearthed from the archaeological site of Qugong(曲贡),it can be found that the bronze mirror with handle from the stone chamber tomb of Qugong has the same pattern,thus confirming the exact age and casting process of this type of bronze mirror with yak pattern.Then compared with the bronze culture in the surrounding areas,a new conclusion is drawn on the early production of metal ware and related problems in the Xizang Plateau.The starting point of the "Early Metal Age in Xizang" now seems to be the starting point of the age of the bronze arrowhead found in the early strata of the Qugong site,that is,around 4000 years ago.At the same time,in the western and eastern parts of the QinghaiXizang Plateau,the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age have also entered one after another,and the possible dividing line between the two ages can be drawn around 2000 years ago.However,the use of copper and iron at the same time also appeared in this period.The mother type of handled bronze mirror,such as Qugong mirror and yak mirror,which are called "Tibetan handled mirror" system by scholars,should be from the Eurasian steppe in the north and the Indus River valley in South Asia,but it reflects the local characteristics of the Xizang Plateau in terms of the shape of the mirror body,the chiseling technology of the mirror back,the decorative pattern,the joint method of the mirror handle and the base,and the alloy composition.And there is a close connection between the bronze craft of the southwest "Yi" system in the eastern foot of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,northwest Sichuan,northwest Yunnan,etc.,and the two may have mutual influence through the"cultural transmission belt" formed by the "sarcophagus burial culture".

关 键 词：西藏考古 早期金属时代 文明标志 石棺葬文化 

分 类 号：K875.2[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]