制度变迁与清代慈善事业发展--以育婴六文会为例  

Institutional Change and Development of Charitable Activities in the Qing Dynasty:A Case Study of the Yu Ying Liu Wen Hui

作　　者：黄鸿山[1] HUANG Hong-shan

机构地区：[1]苏州大学社会学院,江苏省苏州市215123

出　　处：《南京大学学报(哲学.人文科学.社会科学)》2024年第6期102-115,163,共15页Journal of Nanjing University(Philosophy,Humanities and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目(20BZS087)。

摘　　要：育婴六文会是清代中后期育婴事业中出现的一种新型慈善救助模式。约在乾隆末年,育婴六文会首先出现于江西丰城县。道光、咸丰以后,育婴六文会首先在江西省内得到普遍设立,并逐渐影响到临近省份。光绪年间的育婴六文会引起清廷注意,得以普遍推广,成为育婴堂制度的有力补充。从新制度经济学的视角看,育婴六文会的出现和推广是清代弃婴救助事业中一次成功的制度变迁,表现出诱致性变迁与强制性变迁相结合的特点。与旧有育婴办法相比,育婴六文会具有募捐门槛极低、强调“自养”、面向乡村、便于监管这四大优势,可以有效筹集财力资源、节省育婴成本、弥补育婴事业薄弱环节和强化监督,提高育婴成效。Yu Ying Liu Wen Hui(育婴六文会,Liu Wen Foundling Hospitals)represented a new charitable rescue model for abandoned infant care in the mid-and late Qing Dynasty.Emerging around the late period of Qianlong's reign in Fengcheng County,Jiangxi Province,the Hospitals were widely established in Jiangxi after the periods of Daoguang and Xianfeng reigns,eventually influencing neighboring provinces.During the reign of Guangxu,the Hospitals gained the attention of the Qing Government and were widely promoted as a robust supplement to the traditional institution of yu ying tang(育婴堂,foundling hospitals).From the perspective of New Institutional Economics,the emergence and promotion of the Yu Ying Liu Wen Hui constituted a successful institutional change in the infant rescue efforts of the Qing Dynasty,blending both induced and imposed changes.Compared with earlier methods,the Hospitals had four major advantages:extremely low fundraising thresholds,emphasis on self-reliance,rural focus,and facilitating supervision.These features allowed for effective fundraising,cost savings in foundling care,reinforcement of weak links in the rescue system,and strengthened oversight,thereby improving the outcomes of foundling care.

关 键 词：清代 慈善事业 制度变迁 育婴堂 六文会 

分 类 号：D63[政治法律—政治学]