论数字政府中人工智能的法律地位与规范体系——以人工智能立法为背景  

On the Legal Status and Regulatory Framework of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Government——Against the Backdrop of Artificial Intelligence Legislation

作　　者：刘绍宇 LIU Shao yu

机构地区：[1]浙江大学光华法学院

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2025年第1期38-52,共15页Administrative Law Review

基　　金：2024年浙江省法学会重点课题“加快形成新质生产力的法治保障研究”(项目编号:2024NA01);浙江大学重要国家和区域研究专项“欧盟人工智能立法研究”(项目编号:S20240070)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：随着人工智能技术及产业的发展和数字政府建设的不断推进,人工智能在数字政府中的应用越来越频繁,程度越来越深,但在提升行政效能和行政质量的同时,也给民主、法治和基本权利保护等公法价值带来极大的冲击。为了解决这一问题,将人工智能在法律定位上视为数字时代的行政助手,公共任务民营化的教义学框架便可用于解决上述公法价值的协调问题。一方面,行政助手具有一定独立性和自主性,符合目前人工智能向高阶甚至超级人工智能发展的趋势。另一方面,公共任务尽管交给了作为行政助手的人工智能,但是其不可逃逸出包括民主原则、法治原则和基本权利保护原则等公法义务的约束,国家仍负有保障其合法有效运行的责任。公共部门人工智能的规范体系尽管与私人部门相比存在相似之处,但是背后的价值理念和推导逻辑截然不同,应在公法原则指引下建构。未来在人工智能立法中,应对公共部门人工智能的应用予以专门规范,突出与私人部门的不同,对透明原则、公平原则和人工干预原则予以明文规定。With the development of artificial intelligence technology and industry and the continuous advancement of digital government construction, the application of artificial intelligence in digital government is becoming increasingly frequent and in-depth.While enhancing administrative efficiency and quality, it also poses a significant impact on public law values such as democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of basic rights. To address this issue, artificial intelligence is regarded as an administrative aide in the digital era in terms of legal positioning. The doctrinal framework of the privatization of public tasks can be utilized to resolve the coordination problem of these public law values. On the one hand, administrative aides possess a certain degree of independence and autonomy, which is in line with the current trend of artificial intelligence evolving towards high-level or even super artificial intelligence. On the other hand, although public tasks are entrusted to artificial intelligence as administrative aides, they cannot evade the constraints of public law obligations including the principles of democracy, the rule of law and the protection of basic rights. The state still bares the responsibility of ensuring its legal and effective operation. Although the regulatory framework of artificial intelligence in the public sector shares some similarities with that of the private sector, the underlying value concepts and derivation logics are entirely different and should be constructed under the guidance of public law principles. In future artificial intelligence legislation, the application of artificial intelligence in the public sector should be specifically regulated, highlighting the differences from the private sector, and explicitly stipulating the principles of transparency, fairness and human intervention.

关 键 词：强人工智能 数字政府 公法 行政助手 

分 类 号：TP18[自动化与计算机技术—控制理论与控制工程] D035[自动化与计算机技术—控制科学与工程] D912.1[政治法律—政治学]