论案例的概念  

On the Concept of the Case

作　　者：张骐[1] Zhang Qi

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2025年第1期16-30,共15页Journal of Comparative Law

摘　　要：在西方法律史的早期,案例作为判例,既是法律也是正义。案例、判例与习惯(法)的关系有多种,不是单一的。判例法的塑造者不仅有法官,还有法学家、律师等,他们的工作及公众政治等是判例法发展的桥梁与媒介,自然法思想、正义理念、自由、个人自尊、法学家的学说乃至法律传统等是判例法发展的精神营养或智识资源。由于法律与社会的原因,中国古代不存在案例法;中国的现代判例制度开始于清末民初,虽然具有历史上例的影响和影子,但并非古代例的简单延续。案例的历史发展特点折射出中国与英国传统法律文化的差异。可以将案例的特点归纳为司法性、故事性、程式性,并从四个方面认识案例的本质:案例是社会发展的良性累积元素;是人们在无序中把握有序、在不确定中获得确定的法律手段;是人们通过类比思维开发认识社会、认识未知的智力资源;案例与社会规则制定权的相对集中模式相关联,有助于社会活力的释放。In the early days of Western law,cases served as both the law and a form of justice,setting important precedents.The relationships between cases,precedents and legal customs are multifaceted,with various influences at play.While judges play a significant role in shaping case law,jurists and lawyers also contributed to its development through their work and public advocacy.Concepts such as natural law,justice,freedom,individual dignity,juristic doctrine and legal traditions serve as the intellectual foundation for the development of case law.Unlike Western legal systems,ancient China did not have a tradition of case law due to its unique legal and societal structures.It wasn't until the late Qing Dynasty and the People's Republic of China that a precedent system began to emerge,drawing on historical Chinese legal practices but evolving in its own distinct way.The characteristics of case law development in China highlight the differences between Chinese and British traditional legal cultures.Cases can be approached from the perspectives of judicial processes,storytelling,and formalities.They are in essence a valuable tool for social progress,providing order in chaos,certainty in uncertainty,and a framework for understanding the society and the unknown through analogical reasoning.The centralized nature of legal decision-making associated with case law is conducive to unleashing the social creativity and vitality.

关 键 词：案例 判例法 先例制度 比较法律传统 案例的本质与特点 

分 类 号：D920.5[政治法律—法学]