越权职务代理行为的效力与责任——《民法典合同编通则司法解释》第21条释论  

The Validity and Accountability of the Unauthorized Agency:Explanation for Article 21 of the Judicial Interpretation of the General Principles of the Contract Section of the Civil Code

作　　者：迟颖 Chi Ying

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学比较法学研究院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2025年第1期176-190,共15页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“协助决策模式下的成年法定代理研究”(项目编号:24BFX055)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：《民法典合同编通则司法解释》第21条区分了职务代理人超越“法律对职权范围的限制”和超越“法人或非法人组织对职权范围的限制”所实施越权职务代理行为的不同效力和责任,有利于维护商事交易安全和提高商事交易效率,值得肯定。但是,其主要以合同法相关规则为依据来确定越权职务代理行为的法律后果,缺乏对代理法相关规则的关照,亟待运用代理法原理和原则,通过解释来消除规范冲突。该条司法解释第1款和第2款是对“职务代理权”的法定限制,违反该限制的越权职务代理构成无权代理;而第3款属于法人或非法人组织对职务代理人之“职权”的内部限制,依代理权范围抽象性原则,职务代理人在“职务代理权”的法定范围内超越“职权”限制所实施的越权代理行为属于有权代理,除非违反禁止代理权滥用规则。Article 21 of the Judicial Interpretation of the General Principles of the Contract Section of the Civil Code clearly distinguishes between the effects and responsibilities of an agency that surpasses the'statutory limits of authority'and one that exceeds the limits set by the legal or non-legal entity:This differentiation enhances the security and efficiency of commercial transactions.However,the judicial interpretation primarily relies on Contract Law rather than Agency Law to assess the validity and accountability of unauthorized agency actions.To address potential normative conflicts,it is crucial to harmonize these interpretations.The first and second paragraphs of this Article 21 pertain to statutory restriction on the'agency's scope,'while the third paragraph concerns internal limitations on the'authorized scope,established by entity through internal regulations like articles of association,resolutions,labor contracts,etc.Following the principle of agency scope abstraction,internal restrictions on authorization do not impact the agency's scope.Generally,actions taken by the agency within its designated scope remain valid even if they exceed the internal authorization limits,unless such excess breaches regulations prohibiting the ahuse of agency power.

关 键 词：职务代理权 职权 代理权范围抽象性 禁止代理权滥用规则 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学] D922.291.91[政治法律—法学]