《墨经·小取》中的逻辑:行为概念逻辑  

Logic in"Xiaoqu"of the Mohist Canons:The Logic of Behavioral Concepts

作　　者：周北海 王强[2] Zhou Beihai;Wang Qiang

机构地区：[1]山西大学哲学学院 [2]上海科技大学人文科学研究院

出　　处：《哲学动态》2025年第1期131-146,F0003,共17页Philosophical Trends

摘　　要：《小取》的主线可以概括为“辩-说理-侔式说理-五类例子(侔式推理)”。侔式说理五类例子中的大部分都是与推理有关。以这五类例子为代表的逻辑可被称为“小取逻辑”。从词项层面看,小取逻辑是涉及行为概念推理的行为概念逻辑。亚里士多德逻辑和数理逻辑都不涉及行为概念,这是“据西释中”式的研究难以解释《小取》的根本原因。《小取》中的行为概念逻辑表明,中国古代思想家们提出了自己特有的逻辑学说和逻辑类型。《小取》五类例子所表现的行为概念逻辑只是冰山一角,全面揭示其面貌还有待更深入的研究。如果将来行为概念逻辑也能成为逻辑学的分支,《小取》就是这个分支的源头。关于《小取》行为概念逻辑的研究不仅对于认识先秦逻辑思想有重要意义,对于今天的逻辑研究也有着重要的现实意义。"Xiaoqu"is the chapter in the Mohist Canons that most focuses on logical thought and is considered the focal point in the study of the history of Chinese logic.However,the type of logical doctrine that"Xiaoqu"proposes and the logic it embodies(referred to as"Xiaoqu logic")have been the subject of diverse interpretations."Xiaoqu"centers around bian(argumentation),and it moves from explaining the purpose,principles,and methods of argumentation to providing five categories(or groups of examples)of it,such as shi er ran是而然and shi er bu ran是而不然,which represent attempts at illustrating how to argue correctly.The main thread of"Xiaoqu"can be summarized as"argumentation-reasoning-parallel reasoning-five categories of examples".Most of these examples are about reasoning.From this main thread,regardless of whatever else"Xiaoqu"discusses,these examples are always used to explain their ideas about reasoning.Therefore,these five categories of examples can represent Xiaoqu logic,and by examining them,the underlying logic can be revealed to answer what that kind of logic is.Analysis of the five categories of examples in"Xiaoqu"reveals that:(1)Except for the fourth category,other examples have their own argumentative patterns,such as shi er ran是而然,for which the following is exemplary:"bai ma,ma ye;cheng bai ma,cheng ma ye白马,马也;乘白马,乘马也(A white horse is a horse;riding a white horse is riding a horse)",whose pattern is"A,B也;V A,VB也(A is B;V A is VB)".These patterns follow a form,and so its examples can be viewed as discussing the correctness of reasoning from a formal aspect,meaning that Xiaoqu logic is a kind of formal logic.(2)All five categories of examples contain"verb-object phrases",such as cheng ma乘马(riding a horse),and cheng bai ma乘白马(riding a white horse).Importantly,these verb-object phrases do not represent a specific action but denote a type of behavior,hence they can be termed"behavioral words".In the five categories of examples,the role of behavioral words is simil

关 键 词：小取逻辑 行为词 行为概念 行为概念逻辑 

分 类 号：B812[哲学宗教—逻辑学]