国有企业在国际政府采购规则中的主体资格:变化趋势、判断标准及中国因应  

The Qualification of State-Owned Enterprises as Entities Under International Government Procurement Rules:Trends,Criteria,and China’s Response

作　　者：张素敏 熊光清 ZHANG Sumin;XIONG Guangqing

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学法学院

出　　处：《经贸法律评论》2025年第1期42-60,共19页Business and Economic Law Review

摘　　要：国有企业在国际政府采购规则中的主体资格是当前我国积极对接国际高标准经贸规则的重要关切点。在政府采购领域,WTO框架下的GPA规则以及CPTPP政府采购规则是我国需要主动对接的国际高标准政府采购规则。判断国有企业在国际政府采购规则中政府采购主体资格的标准为“主体—行为”二阶标准。在主体阶段,被涵盖的国有企业应是政府的代理人,被政府控制,行使政府职能;在行为阶段,被涵盖的国有企业的采购行为要满足“政府目的”和“政府控制或影响”的双重要素。我国应以“主体—行为”二阶标准为基础结合互惠承诺的谈判机制合理确定纳入承诺清单的国有企业范围;秉持“竞争中立”原则谈判加入高标准政府采购协定,合理规范政府采购中的国有企业;修订《政府采购法》时兼顾国际高标准政府采购规则要求,推动主体类型化+“行为”要素规则的完善;特别重视对接国际高标准经贸协定,推动国有企业制度型改革,完善国有企业的国际采购制度。The qualification of state-owned enterprises(SOEs)as entities in international government procurement rules is an important point of concern for China as it actively aligns with international high-standard economic and trade rules.In the field of government procurement,the GPA rules under the WTO framework and the CPTPP government procurement rules are the international high-standard government procurement rules that China needs to take the initiative to alignment.The criteria for evaluating SOEs’qualification as procurement entities under international government procurement rules follows a two-tier“entity-conduct”analytical framework.At the entity tier,the covered SOEs must demonstrate characteristic as governmental agents under state control exercising public function;At the conduct tier,their procurement activities must satisfy dual requirement of serving“governmental purpose”and being subject to“government control or influence”.To strategically address these requirements,China should:Establish a rational scope for including SOEs in commitment lists by combining the two-tier criteria with reciprocal negotiation mechanisms;Negotiate accession to high-standard procurement agreements by adhering to the competitive neutrality principle to appropriately regulate SOEs in government procurement;Revise the Government Procurement Law to harmonize with international standards while advancing the categorization of entities and refining conduct-based rules;Prioritize alignment with international high-standard economic and trade agreements to drive institutional reforms in SOEs and optimize their international procurement systems.

关 键 词：国有企业 政府采购 国际高标准经贸规则 GPA CPTPP 

分 类 号：D922.2[政治法律—经济法学] D996.1[政治法律—法学]