《行政处罚法》主观过错条款的内涵及行政执法适用  

The Connotation and Application of the Subjective Fault Clause in the Administrative Penalty Law in Administrative Enforcement

作　　者：张晓莹 ZHANG Xiaoying

机构地区：[1]全国人民代表大会常务委员会法制工作委员会

出　　处：《经贸法律评论》2025年第1期122-139,共18页Business and Economic Law Review

摘　　要：行政处罚主观过错条款确立了行政处罚的过错责任(推定过错)立场,对行政执法产生了重要影响,需要行政执法作出实体上和程序上的调适。实体方面,“主观过错”的认定是重点,可结合主观过错的概念、分类与识别要素进行判断。行政机关负责对主观要件以外的构成要件承担举证责任,并直接推定当事人有主观过错,当事人有权举证进行反驳。“足以证明”的标准不宜过严,须在不同领域执法实践中总结形成各有特色的客观化标准。程序方面,须重点关注调查取证的重点和时间节点、法制审核的内容、听证的重点等。The subjective fault clause in administrative penalties establishes the position of fault liability(presumed fault)in administrative punishments,exerting a significant influence on administrative enforcement and demanding adjustments in both substantive and procedural aspects.In substantive terms,the identification of“subjective fault”is the key point,which can be determined by integrating the concepts,classifications,and identification elements of subjective fault.The administrative organ is responsible for bearing the burden of proof for the constitutive elements other than the subjective element and directly presumes that the party concerned has subjective fault.The party concerned has the right to present evidence for rebuttal.The standard of“sufficient to prove”should not be overly strict,and objective standards with distinctive features should be summarized and formed in the law enforcement practices of different fields.In procedural terms,key attention should be paid to the key points and time nodes of investigation and evidence collection,the content of legal review,and the key points of the hearing.

关 键 词：主观过错 过错推定 足以证明 执法程序 

分 类 号：D922.11[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]