清代诗学“客气”的史源、内涵及去除  

The Historical Origin, Connotation and Elimination of “Ke Qi” in Poetics in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：李明 LI Ming(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an,Shaanxi,710032)

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学人文社会科学学院,陕西西安710032

出　　处：《深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2025年第1期144-151,共8页Journal of Shenzhen University:Humanities & Social Sciences

摘　　要：“客气”这一范畴在史学、天文学、医学和理学以至于诗学等思想文化领域都有广泛运用,而大量运用于诗学则是在清代。作为清代诗学中重要的诗病范畴,“客气”主要有两方面的内涵:一方面,受传统的儒学思想影响,清代诗学将不符合义理中和标准的矜骄粗厉的气质形态称为“客气”,在这一意义上与“矜气”“傲气”“骄气”等范畴相通;另一方面,与清代求真的诗学主潮呼应,清代各个流派的诗学批评普遍将虚矫不真的诗气称为“客气”,在这一意义与“使气”“虚气”“余气”等范畴相通。清代诗学还给出了去除诗中“客气”的方法:首先,创作动机应“立诚”,即从真诚的感受出发,避免炫才炫博;其次,在诗歌语言上,要“相题”,即从诗题和具体的情景出发,且须“去陈言”,即去除诗歌语言的陈旧格套,与此同时避免用语用典的过于生硬生僻;最为根本的方法则在于涵养真气,使“气”充盈以避免虚矫不真之“客气”,使“气”适度以避免矜骄粗厉之“客气”。The category“Ke Qi”originated from history,astronomy,medical science and neo-Confucianism,including poetry.It’s in the Qing Dynasty,the category“Ke Qi”was mostly used.As the most important category of poetic illness,“Ke Qi”in Qing poetry had two meanings.Firstly,the arrogant and rough status of“Qi”was called“Ke Qi”,which was not by the moderate standard of neo-Confucianism,having the same meaning as“Jin Qi”,“Ao Qi”and“Jiao Qi”in this aspect.Secondly,in concert with the pursuit of authenticity in Qing poetry,different schools of poetry in the Qing Dynasty all named the“false and untrue”status of“Qi”as“Ke Qi”,relating to the concept“Shi Qi”,“Xu Qi”,“Yu Qi”in this aspect.Qing poetry gave the methods to remove“Ke Qi”.Firstly,the motive of writing must be“honest”,which means truly expressing yourself,rather than the show of talent and erudition.Secondly,the poem must focus on its theme,and the old language must be removed,so as the rare words.Finally,the most important method is the cultivation of the“Qi”,making it abundant to prevent the false“Ke Qi”,and moderate to prevent the arrogant and rough“Ke Qi”.

关 键 词：客气 诗病 范畴 真气 清代诗学 

分 类 号：I207.22[文学—中国文学] K249[历史地理—历史学]