长期条状施肥下成龄密植库尔勒香梨根系和土壤性状的空间关系  

Spatial relationship between root system and soil properties of mature and densely planted Kuerlexiangli pear under long-term strip fertilization

作　　者：邓永辉 兖攀 安世杰 陈奇凌[2] 郑强卿[1] 马凌 王振东 王国栋[3] 刘静 王欣 DENG Yonghui;YAN Pan;AN Shijie;CHEN Qiling;ZHENG Qiangqing;MA Ling;WANG Zhendong;WANG Guodong;LIU Jing;WANG Xin(Institute of Forestry and Horticulture,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science,Shihezi 832000,Xinjiang,China;Tiemenguan Experimental Station,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science,Tiemenguan 841000,Xinjiang,China;Institute of Agricultural Hydrology and Soil Fertiliser,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science,Shihezi 832000,Xinjiang,China;Horticulture and Forestry College,Tarim University,Alar 843300,Xinjiang,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农垦科学院林园研究所,新疆石河子832000 [2]新疆农垦科学院铁门关试验站,新疆铁门关841000 [3]新疆农垦科学院农田水利与土壤肥料研究所,新疆石河子832000 [4]塔里木大学园艺与林学学院,新疆阿拉尔843300

出　　处：《果树学报》2025年第2期336-347,共12页Journal of Fruit Science

基　　金：兵团农业科技创新工程专项(NCG202312);新疆农垦科学院院级项目(2023YJ008)。

摘　　要：【目的】探明长期条状施肥下密植成龄库尔勒香梨根系和土壤理化性质的特征,为密植梨园科学高效水肥管理提供依据。【方法】采用剖面挖掘法和WinRHIZO根系分析系统,分析11年生梨园行间距树干50~200 cm距离、10~110 cm深剖面根系的形态和土壤理化性质指标。【结果】梨根长和根表面积均以吸收根为主,占比分别为92.57%、62.62%;根体积以输导根为主,占比52.98%。在施肥沟附近,根长、根表面积的占比最高,分别为32.32%、27.06%;在深度10~90 cm、水平距离140 cm以内的区域,平均根长密度为0.62 mm·cm^(-3),占整个采样区域根长的75.56%,表明该区域是梨根系密集分布区。长期条状施肥导致不同养分的富集区存在差异,有机质和速效磷在施肥沟处聚集,表现层性分布的特征,且在深层土壤含量极少,其中10~30 cm深度土壤有机质、速效磷含量分别是90~110 cm深层土壤的2.62倍、16.28倍;碱解氮和速效钾由施肥沟向近主干方向分布且其含量显著高于行间方向,50~80 cm处土壤碱解氮、速效钾含量分别是140~170 cm处土壤的1.35倍、1.21倍;碱解氮和速效钾在深层土壤积累,90~110 cm深度碱解氮含量是10~30 cm土层的2.28倍。10~50 cm深度土壤,施肥沟与行间土壤的部分物理性质存在显著差异。与施肥沟处相比,行间距主干150 cm长期受机械碾压处的土壤容重显著增加而孔隙度、饱和持水量、田间持水量均显著下降。吸收根的根长密度与速效磷含量呈极显著正相关。【结论】长期条状施肥下,有机质和速效养分的空间差异性分布以及施肥沟和机械压实处土壤物理性质的差异是成龄密植库尔勒香梨根系延伸生长的不利因子。【Objective】Kuerlexiangli pear(Pyrus sinkiangensis Yüet Lu.)is the main cultivar in Southern Xinjiang.In recent years,the main trunk dense planting pear orchard has developed rapidly and entered the peak fruiting period.With the increase of tree age,problems such as poor resistance,death vulnerability,and unstable yield have become prominent in dense planting pear orchard.Fertilization methods affect the distribution of the roots of the fruit tree and nutrient utilization,and are closely related to tree resistance and yield.Fertilization in mature and densely planted pear orchards is often carried out at the edge of the tree crown,about 1 meter away from the main trunk,by opening a strip-shaped ditch for fertilization.As the tree ages,further research is needed to determine whether this fertilization method is reasonable under dense planting conditions.The study aimed to survey the spatial characteristics of the root system and soil physicochemical properties of the densely planted mature Korla pears under long-term strip fertilization in order to provide a basis for scientific and efficient water and fertilizer management in the densely planted pear orchards.【Methods】Using the profile excavation method and WinRHIZO root analysis system,the root morphology of 11 year old Kuerlexiangli pear with Pyrus betulifolia Bunge as rootstock was analyzed at a distance of 50-200 cm between the rows and tree trunks,and at a depth of 10-110 cm.The soil organic matter,available nutrients,soil bulk density,porosity,saturated water content,field water holding capacity and other soil physical and chemical properties were measured.【Results】The results showed that the length and surface area of the pear roots were mainly dominated by the absorbing roots,accounting for 92.57%and 62.62%,respectively;The root volume was mainly composed of the conducting roots,accounting for 52.98%.In the horizontal direction,the root length and root surface area density were the highest near the fertilization ditch,accounting for 32.32%and

关 键 词：库尔勒香梨 密植 树龄 根系 土壤养分 空间分布 条状施肥 土壤物理性质 

分 类 号：S661.2[农业科学—果树学]