生态损害私法救济的法国模式及其启示  

The French Model of Private Law Remedies for Ecological Damage and Its Implications

作　　者：晋海[1] JIN Hai(School of Law,Hohai University)

机构地区：[1]河海大学法学院

出　　处：《河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期40-51,共12页Journal of Hohai University:Philosophy and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(22BFX129);河海大学中央高校基本科研业务费项目(B240207104)。

摘　　要：目前,学界对于我国生态环境损害赔偿制度的私法属性及其理论基础仍存在重大学术争议,影响了该制度的发展与实施。为弥补公法救济制度之不足,法国于2016年在其《民法典》中确立了生态损害赔偿制度,该制度奠基于民法上的“公众共用物”概念。生态损害是对生态系统这一公众共用物的损害及其对人类服务的集体利益损害,民法中的生态损害是集体利益损害,而非公共利益损害。公众对生态系统等公众共用物,享有民事权益,也承担民法上的保护义务。当民事主体违反其对生态系统的保护义务时,将承担生态损害赔偿责任。生态损害异于个人性民事权益损害,法国从原告资格、责任形式、预防制度、诉讼时效等方面对传统侵权制度进行适应性改造,形成了法国生态损害赔偿的制度构架。法国生态损害赔偿制度及其相关理论对我国探究生态环境损害赔偿制度法理基础、处理生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼的关系、构建生态损害公私法协同救济机制等诸多方面均有重要启示意义。法律创新是一项系统工程,我国尚须借鉴法国经验,确立公众共用物的概念,并对民事主体享有的与生态系统相关的民事权益与保护义务进行明确规定。在完成上述一系列立法任务后,我国生态损害赔偿制度方才具备坚实的法律基础。At present,there are still significant academic disputes in the academic community about the private law attributes of China’s ecological damage compensation system and its theoretical basis,which affects the development and implementation of the system.In order to make up for the inadequacy of the public law remedy system,France established the ecological damage compensation system in its Civil Code in 2016.The system is based on the concept of“public commons”in civil law.Ecological damage is damage to ecosystems,the public commons,and its collective interest in human services.Ecological damage in civil law is collective interest damage,not public interest damage.The public enjoys civil rights and interests in ecosystems and other public commons,and also bears the obligation to protect them under civil law.When the civil subject violates its obligation to protect the ecosystem,it will be liable for ecological damage.Ecological damage is different from personal damage to personal civil rights.From the plaintiff qualification,form of liability,prevention system,statute of limitations and other aspects of the traditional tort system to adaptive transformation,France has formed the French ecological damage compensation system framework.The French ecological damages system and its related theories have important implications for exploring the legal basis of the ecological environment damage compensation system in China,handling the relationship between ecological environment damage compensation litigation and environmental civil public interest litigation,and constructing a collaborative relief mechanism between public and private law for ecological damage.Legal innovation is a systematic project,and China still needs to learn from the French experience,establish the concept of public commons,and the civil rights and interests of civil subjects related to ecosystems and the obligation to protect them are clearly stipulated.After perfecting the above series of legislative tasks,China’s ecological damage compen

关 键 词：生态损害 私法救济 法理基础 制度架构 法国法 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]