论碳排放权的公法属性  

On the Public Law Attribute of Carbon Emission Right

作　　者：李剑 LI Jian(Law School,Southeast University)

机构地区：[1]东南大学法学院

出　　处：《河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期52-62,共11页Journal of Hohai University:Philosophy and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(21BFX047)。

摘　　要：关于碳排放权的法律性质,学界的主流观点是将其界定为民法上的(准)物权或用益物权。该观点试图将碳排放权涵摄进传统民法物权的范畴之中,但仍无法回避将公共资源私有化的道德风险、大气环境容量作为物权客体的不适当以及碳排放权权利基础的匮乏这3个方面的质疑,为此必须转换研究视角。就法律性质而言,碳排放权实际上是一种公法上的权利:在宪法层面,宪法关于环境保护的“国家目标条款”为碳排放权提供了宪法上的规范基础。碳排放权具有国家保护义务的面向,碳排放权制度实际上是国家基于环境保护的“国家目标条款”所进行的一种制度创设,当前则是由作为行政机关的国务院或生态环境部加以实施。在行政法层面,将碳排放权界定为行政许可法上的特许权完全具有理论和规范上的基础,不仅契合碳排放权的法律特征,而且有利于实现对碳排放权从设立到交易的全过程规制,以保证国家环境保护的目标得到实现。作为行政法规,国务院制定的《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例》也可以设定该许可。当然,作为直接关涉碳排放主体权益的制度,碳排放配额的分配要努力实现分配正义,而碳排放权的交易则要努力达成矫正正义。至于碳排放权的可交易性,其规范基础则在于《行政许可法》第9条的规定。Regarding the legal nature of carbon emission rights,the mainstream view in the academic community is to define them as(quasi)property rights or usufruct rights in civil law.This view tries to include carbon emission right into the category of traditional property right.However,it still cannot avoid the challenge of the question of the moral hazard of privatizing public resources,the inadequacy of atmospheric environmental capacity as the object of real right,and the lack of carbon emission right basis.Therefore,the research perspective must be changed.In terms of legal nature,carbon emission right is actually a right in public law.In terms of constitution,the“national target clause”of environmental protection in the Constitution provides a constitutional normative basis for carbon emission rights.The carbon emission right has the aspect of national protection obligation.The carbon emission right system is actually a system created by the state based on the“national target clause”of environmental protection,and at present,it is carried out by The State Council or the Ministry of Ecology and Environment as an administrative organ.In terms of administrative law,the definition of carbon emission rights as concessions in administrative licensing law has a theoretical and normative basis.It not only conforms to the legal characteristics of carbon emission rights,but also helps to realize the whole process regulation of carbon emission rights from establishment to trading,so as to ensure the realization of national environmental protection goals.As an administrative regulation,the Interim Regulations on the Administration of Carbon Emission Trading formulated by The State Council may also set the permit.Of course,as a system directly related to the rights and interests of carbon emission subjects,the allocation of carbon emission quotas should endeavor to achieve distributive justice,while the trading of carbon emission rights should endeavor to achieve corrective justice.As for the tradability of carbon emissi

关 键 词：碳排放权 环境权 行政许可 法律性质 

分 类 号：D922.68[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]