山火何以形成:清代、民国时期凉山火环境变迁的历史考察  

The Formation of Forest Fires:A Historical Analysis of the Evolution of the Forest Fire Environment in Liangshan during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

作　　者：杨益 Yang Yi(Institute of Qing History,Renmin University of China,Beijing,100872,China)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学清史研究所,北京100872

出　　处：《民族学刊》2024年第12期106-114,153,共10页Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“河山再造:清代中国的环境治理研究”(22JJD770061)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：森林火环境是可燃物、地形地势、气候气象与火源等各种因素的综合体,火环境变迁是人与自然相互作用的结果。凉山地区的火环境自清中期以来发生较大变化,向更易燃烧的趋势发展。晚清民国时期,随着人口数量骤增和人类活动加剧,对木材和燃料的需求大幅增加,导致用火和森林采伐的规模和范围不断扩大,进一步使局地小气候更趋干热,林分燃烧性增强,演变出更加易燃的火环境,火源管理失效和森林火灾凸显。凉山区域易燃火环境的形成是长期历史演进的结果,亦是人类用火活动与森林植被、气候等环境因子相互作用的产物。历史视野能够更清晰地把握“人-林-火”三者间复杂的互动关系。本文研究认为凉山地区特定时空中“人-火”关系的演变是自然环境和社会经济因素相互作用的结果,较为全面地理解该地区人与自然交互形成的火历史、火环境及其变迁,对当前的森林火灾防控和火管理具有重要的资鉴意义。Fire is a critical ecological factor in the ecosystem,exhibiting a dual nature:Beneficial fire use and destructive forest fires caused by loss of human control.Understanding the mechanisms of fire occurrence is vital for preventing forest fires and minimizing fire losses.The fire environment,which determines the likelihood of forest burning,is shaped by a combination of factors,such as availability of combustibles,topography,climate,atmospheric conditions,and fire sources.This environment is constantly evolving over time through the complex interactions between“humans and nature”.By incorporating the perspective of environmental history into the study of fire environments and investigating the complex interplay between humans,forests,and fire,may help to comprehensively understand the processes and patterns that govern forest fire occurrences.Accounts attest that beginning in the midQing Dynasty,the fire environment in Liangshan underwent significant transformations,developing towards higher flammability.A sudden population growth and intensification of human activities led to an increase in both the use of fire and deforestation.Moreover,evergreen broad-leaved forests in the mountainous regions were the first to face extensive logging.During the Republic of China,the consumption of wood and fuel further escalated,exacerbated by social unrest and opium cultivation.These factors led to widespread indiscriminate burning and logging activities,crossing ecological boundaries.Even previously protected woodlands were not spared.The scale of deforestation increased sharply,leading to a drier,hotter local microclimate.Remaining secondary or artificially replanted forests gradually became dominated by species such asPinus Yunnanensis,which further enhanced the flammability of the area.Forest fires became a major issue during this period.Although the government took initial steps to partially restrict the use of fire in agricultural and subsidiary production,fire management remained largely ineffective.The woodlands of

关 键 词：凉山 民国 火环境 环境变迁 

分 类 号：C951[社会学—民族学]