管壳式换热器失效因素及铵盐腐蚀结晶温度规律研究  

Study on Failure Factors of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers and Crystallization Temperature Rule of Ammonia Salt Corrosion

作　　者：魏聪慧 卢昌岁 刘权 王海博 WEI Conghui;LU Changsui;LIU Quan;WANG Haibo(College of Environmental and Safety Engineering,Shenyang University of Chemical Technology,Shenyang Liaoning 110142,China;China Construction Installation Group Co.,Ltd.,Nanjing Jiangsu 210000,China)

机构地区：[1]沈阳化工大学环境与安全工程学院,辽宁沈阳110142 [2]中建安装集团有限公司,江苏南京210000

出　　处：《当代化工》2025年第1期206-212,共7页Contemporary Chemical Industry

基　　金：辽宁省自然科学基金项目(项目编号:2020-BS-169)。

摘　　要：随着原油劣质化,炼厂炼油设备运行条件更加苛刻,设备失效事故频发,其中常顶管壳式换热器失效事故尤为严重。基于事故树模型机理,结合Genie软件技术研究管壳式换热设备失效因素,多角度构建换热器失效事故树,精准计算各失效因素的先验概率和后验概率。结果表明:“污垢存积”“应力集中”“材料耐腐蚀性能差”“服役工况”“介质冲蚀”为关键致灾因素。采用Aspen plus软件计算常顶系统管壳式换热器的物性参数,模拟油、气和水三相的温度变化趋势,获得露点温度为95.6℃、NH_(4)Cl结晶温度为113.5℃。通过正交试验探讨HCl质量浓度、NH_(3)质量浓度、系统操作压力、注水量等因素对NH_(4)Cl结晶温度的影响,其影响由大到小顺序为:NH_(3)质量浓度、HCl质量浓度、注水量、系统操作压力。因此,在控制常压塔塔顶流出物各项指标时,应对NH_(3)质量浓度和HCl质量浓度进行严格控制,利用此变化规律将显著提高NH_(4)Cl结晶温度的预测效率,为管壳式换热器的铵盐腐蚀预测提供参考。With the inferior quality of crude oil,the operation conditions of refinery equipment are more severe,and the failure accidents of equipment are frequent,especially the failure accidents of theshell-and-tube heat exchanger at the top of atmospheric tower.Based on the accident tree model mechanism and combined with Genie software technology,the failure factors of shell-tube heat exchange equipment were studied.The failure accident tree of heat exchanger was constructed from multiple angles,and the prior probability and posterior probability of each failure factor were accurately calculated.The results showed that"dirt accumulation""stress concentration""poor corrosion resistance of materials""service conditions""media erosion"were the key disaster factors.Aspen plus software was used to calculate the physical property parameters of shell and tube heat exchangers in the atmospheric tower system.The temperature variation trend of oil,gas and water was simulated.The dew point temperature was 95.6℃ and the crystallization temperature of NH_(4)Cl was 113.5℃.The influence of factors such as HCl mass concentration,NH_(3)mass concentration,system operating pressure and water injection on NH_(4)Cl crystallization temperature was investigated by orthogonal experiment.The order of influence from big to small was as follows:NH_(3)mass concentration,HCl mass concentration,water injection volume,system operating pressure.Therefore,the NH_(3)mass concentration and HCl mass concentration should be strictly controlled when controlling the indicators of the outflow from the top of the atmospheric tower.This change rule could significantly improve the prediction efficiency of NH_(4)Cl crystallization temperature,providing reference for the prediction of ammonium salt corrosion of shell-and-tube heat exchangers.

关 键 词：管壳式换热器 失效因素 铵盐腐蚀 

分 类 号：TQ052[化学工程]