贵州草海国家级自然保护区黑颈鹤对芦苇扩张的栖息地适应与行为活动特征  

Effect of Reed Expansion on Habitat Adaptation and Behavioral Activity Characteristics of Grus nigricollis in Guizhou Caohai National Nature Reserve

作　　者：冉景丞 蒙秉顺 张旭 黄小龙 涂声蕾 RAN Jingcheng;MENG Bingshun;ZHANG Xu;HUANG Xiaolong;TU Shenglei(Guizhou Academy of Forestry,Guiyang,550005,China;Guizhou Caohai Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station,Weining,553100,China;Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China,Guiyang,550005,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州省林业科学研究院,贵阳550005 [2]贵州草海湿地生态系统定位观测研究站,威宁553100 [3]西南喀斯特山地生物多样性保护国家林业和草原局重点实验室,贵阳550005

出　　处：《野生动物学报》2025年第1期107-117,共11页CHINESE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE

基　　金：贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合服企[2023]009);贵州省林业科研课题(黔林科合[2020]12号)。

摘　　要：湿地是水鸟生存和繁衍的必要场所,湿地景观格局的变化会改变水鸟的分布及行为。研究黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)对湿地景观变化的响应特征,有利于掌握黑颈鹤的栖息地动态变化,对黑颈鹤的综合保护具有重要指导意义。基于2016—2022年在草海国家级自然保护区的调查数据,分析芦苇(Phragmites australis)扩张对黑颈鹤栖息地选择及行为活动的影响。结果显示:(1)草海保护区的芦苇面积呈增长趋势,截至2022年,芦苇总面积为429.10 hm^(2),总体呈由北向南的扩张趋势,高密度的芦苇群落会影响黑颈鹤的栖息地生境质量;(2)受芦苇扩张的影响,黑颈鹤原有夜栖地逐渐偏移,最远迁移距离为42 m,且夜栖地偏移方向与芦苇扩张方向相反,其夜栖地空间分布明显避开芦苇存在的区域;(3)芦苇扩张会导致黑颈鹤的觅食距离增加,且觅食地类型也会改变,觅食地与夜栖地之间的平均距离可达4148.14 m,觅食地逐渐由沼泽地转变为农耕地,但其并不是影响黑颈鹤觅食地改变的唯一因素;(4)黑颈鹤明显喜好浅水滩涂和水莎草(Cyperus serotinus)群落,明显不喜好芦苇群落,芦苇扩张会导致黑颈鹤喜好的生境减少,从而影响黑颈鹤的空间分布;(5)芦苇扩张不仅影响黑颈鹤的空间分布,还会限制黑颈鹤的求偶、觅食、站立、游走和栖息等行为活动。研究结果表明,黑颈鹤的栖息地变化和行为活动均受芦苇扩张的影响,主要表现在芦苇扩张降低了黑颈鹤栖息地中食物资源的可获得性和周围环境的安全性,从而导致黑颈鹤的夜栖地和觅食地发生改变。Wetland is the necessary place for the survival and reproduction of waterbird.The landscape pattern of wetland could alter the distribution and behavior response of waterbird.Among them,the Grus nigricollis is one of the most typical waterbirds in wetland landscape.It is of great significance to determine the habitat dynamic of G.nigricollis for their compre⁃hensive conservation.The study aims to analyze the effect of reed(Phragmites australis)expansion on the habitat selection and behavioral activity of Grus nigricollis.The data was collected from Caohai National Nature Reserve,Guizhou Province,China,from 2016 to 2022.The results showed that:(1)There was the expanding trend of the reed.The total area of reed was 429.10 hm^(2) by 2022,with a general expansion trend from the north to the south.The high-density reed commu⁃nity was also dominated the habitat quality of the G.nigricollis.(2)The original nocturnal habitat of the G.nigricollis was gradually shifted under the reed expansion.The maximum distance of migration was also 42 m.The shifting direction of nocturnal habitat was opposite to the direction of reed expansion.The spatial distribution of nocturnal habitat was outstand⁃ingly avoided in the area where the reed existed.(3)The expansion of reed increased the foraging distance of G.nigricol⁃lis.There was some variation in the type of foraging ground.The average distance reached 4148.14 m between the forag⁃ing and the nocturnal roosting ground.The foraging ground was gradually changed from the marsh land to the farmland.But there was still the further factor on the foraging ground of G.nigricollis.(4)The G.nigricollis preferred the shallow mud⁃flat and Cyperus serotinus rather than the reed communities.The expansion of reed led to the decrease of the preferred habitats and the variation in the spatial distribution of the G.nigricollis.(5)Reed expansion also restricted the behavioral activity of G.nigricollis,such as courtship,foraging,standing,wandering and roosting.Both habitat adaptation and be

关 键 词：芦苇扩张 黑颈鹤 栖息地选择 行为响应 草海国家级自然保护区 

分 类 号：Q958.1[生物学—动物学]