民法上的名义所有权在破产程序中的实现路径  

The Realization Path of Nominal Ownership in Civil Law on Bankruptcy Law

作　　者：李永军[1] Li Yongjun

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2025年第1期89-100,共12页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究”(18ZDA141)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：名义所有权在民法上表现为不同的形态,在我国民法典及司法解释上,最为典型的就是四种:保留所有权买卖、让与担保、信托、间接代理。那么,这些权利在实体法上的性质以及在破产程序中,权利人实现的路径是什么?是司法实践和理论上最优争议的问题。首先,这些名义所有权规范的行为是否属于《民法典》第146条的虚假法律行为?本文认为,这些名义所有权的表征行为不构成虚假法律行为,尤其是我国《民法典》第641-643条规定的所有权保留买卖兼有所有权保留与担保的双重功能,尽管在理论体系上难以自圆其说。在保留所有权买卖中的出卖人之民法典上的合同解除权与管理人在破产法上的合同解除或者履行决定权对比,后者优先适用。“物上代位性”在取回权中必须贯彻——取回权的标的物不存在的,应当允许取回替代物。在信托关系中,信托财产属于委托人而不属于受托人。因此,在受托人破产的时候它不属于破产财产,应当由委托人取回。在让与担保关系中,名义上的所有权人在对方破产的时候,只能行使别除权。在间接代理关系中,要根据委托人、受托人与第三人之间具体关系来决定行使何种权利以及何人行使权利,但不能与委托的宗旨相背离。Nominal ownership is manifested in dif ferent forms in civil law. In China's Civil Code and judicial interpretations, the most typical ones are four types: retention of ownership sales, transfer guarantee,trust, and indirect agency. So, what is the nature of these rights in substantive law and the path for the rights holders to realize them in bankruptcy proceedings? It is the most contentious issue in both judicial practice and theory. Firstly, do these nominal ownership norms constitute false legal acts under Article 146 of the Civil Code? This article argues that these symbolic acts of nominal ownership do not constitute false legal acts, especially the dual functions of ownership retention and guarantee as stipulated in Articles 641-643of the Civil Code of China, which are di ffi cult to justify theoretically. In a retention of title sale, the seller's right to terminate a contract under the Civil Code is preferred over the administrator's right to terminate or perform a contract under bankruptcy law. The principle of ‘substitutionary property' must be implemented in the right of retrieval-if the subject matter of the right of retrieval does not exist, it should be allowed to retrieve substitute property. In a trust relationship, trust property belongs to the settlor rather than the trustee.Therefore, when the trustee goes bankrupt, it does not belong to the bankruptcy property and should be retrieved by the settlor. In the transfer guarantee relationship, the nominal owner can only exercise the right of exemption when the other party goes bankrupt. In indirect agency relationships, it is necessary to determine which rights to exercise and who to exercise them based on the specifi c relationship between the principal,trustee, and third party, but it cannot deviate from the purpose of the commission.

关 键 词：所有权保留 让与担保 破产法 取回权 别除权 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]