何种之公:清代族田的财产属性及观念  

What Kind of Public Property: the Property Attribute and Concept of Clan Land in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：邹亚莎 Zou Yasha

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学文法学院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2025年第1期145-155,共11页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“清代《兰溪鱼鳞图册》中的地权问题研究”(23BFX202)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：自宋代范仲淹设置义庄以来,族田即被视为是家族公产和家族公共利益,至清代在官府和宗族的双重有力支持下得以普遍发展。清代族田的财产属性,可基于共有和公有两个方面进行考察。其共有性基于血缘关系和宗法观念而生,区别于建立在个人主义原则之上的近代共有制度;其公有属性受到中国传统公私观念的影响,蕴含了社会伦理价值,具有公有的相对性及公而排私等特点。在家族通财理念下,清代宗族成员普遍有着守望相助、救急救穷的互助财产观。但同时,族人之间公私产权意识和“权利”界限仍然存在。族田制度的实施,对于维护清代基层社会的秩序稳定起到积极作用,也从一定程度上丰富了财产共有制的类别与形态,其中一些跨越时空的观念、制度因素仍可以为今天的法治建设提供历史资源。Since Fan Zhongyan established the charity village in the Song Dynasty, the clan land has been regarded as the public property and the public interest of the family. In the Qing Dynasty, it developed universally with the strong support of the government and the clan. The property attribute of clan land in the Qing Dynasty can be investigated from two aspects of co-ownership and public ownership. Its co-ownership is based on the blood relationship and patriarchal concept, which is different from the modern co-ownership system based on principle of individualism. Its public nature is influenced by the traditional Chinese concept of public and private, contains social and ethical values, and is characterized by the relativity of the public ownership and the exclusion of the private ownership. Under the concept of family's sharing of wealth,members of Qing Dynasty clans generally held an idea of property characterized by mutual support and relief in times of need. However, the consciousness of public and private property rights and the boundary of “rights”still existed among the clan members. The implementation of the clan land system played a positive role in stabilizing the order of grassroots society in the Qing Dynasty and enriched the categories and forms of coownership system to a certain extent. Some conceptual and institutional elements of clan land that transcend time and space can still provide historical resources for today's legal construction.

关 键 词：族田 共有制 宗法族规 公私产权观 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]