关于汉语上古音构拟与韵律学的相关性的思考  

Reflections on the Correlation between Old Chinese Phonological Reconstruction and Prosody

作　　者：施向东[1] Shi Xiangdong(Nankai University)

机构地区：[1]南开大学

出　　处：《韵律语法研究》2023年第2期47-65,共19页Studies in Prosodic Grammar

基　　金：中国国家社科基金冷门绝学研究专项(项目号:23VJXG010)经费资助

摘　　要：上古汉语单音节词可以独立自由地在句子中运用。根据韵律学的原理,韵律词是句子中能够独立自由运用的最小单位。据此,上古汉语音节必须分析为以韵素为单位的二分枝结构。这就对现有的上古音构拟提出了挑战。本文分析了韵脚位置、散文中某些重音位置的单音节词,若将其上古音构拟为只具有单韵素的开音节,则必然违反韵律学的规范。由此,本文提出了改进上古音构拟的建议,主张以往各家以韵腹元音直接收尾的韵部必须构拟一个韵尾?;并提出汉语声调产生以后,声调作为一个超音段韵素,参与韵律结构的构成,对于一个音节而言,失去声调意味着失去承载韵律重音的能力。If we recognize that Old Chinese was dominated by monosyllabic words,which could be used independently and freely in sentences,we must also acknowledge the existence of monosyllabic prosodic words in Old Chinese,as,according to the principles of prosody,a prosodic word is the smallest unit used independently and freely in a sentence.Therefore,the syllables of Old Chinese must be analyzed as a dichotomy structure,with each unit comprising two rhyming elements.This poses a challenge to the existing reconstruction of Old Chinese sounds.This article analyzes certain monosyllabic words that appear in rhyming positions in poetry or stressed positions in prose.If these words are reconstructed as open syllables containing only a single vowel,they would inevitably violate the norms of prosody.In poetry,rhymes occupy positions that carry stress.No matter where the syntactic stress is in a line of poetry,the rhyme must not be a light syllable.Function words are syntactic words that do not serve as syntactic components,bear no stress,and therefore do not bear rhymes.In the Book of Songs,sentences ending with function words must be arranged with rhymed characters in front of the function words.For example:《诗经·齐风·著》:俟我于著乎而,充耳以素乎而,尚之以琼华乎而。“乎而”are function words that cannot carry stress,so the preceding words“著”,“素”,and“华”are rhymed.But“著”*dia,“素”*sa,“华”*ɣoa(reconstruction by Wang Li)remove the initial consonants and prepositions,leaving only one vowel.That is to say,these are monomora syllables that cannot carry stress.Therefore,such reconstruction for Old Chinese sound construction is not ideal.In prose,some words in certain positions must have stress.For example,Xunzi(荀子):“不以夫一害此一,谓之壹。(Don’t hinder this one because of that one,and this is called‘single-minded’.)”Here,there is an antithesis between the“夫”(that)and the“此”(this),with a clear contrasting accent on both words.In the A

关 键 词：汉语上古音 单音节音步 韵脚重音 构式重音 超音段韵素 

分 类 号：H111[语言文字—汉语]