鸦片战争前后中国对西洋“开花炮”的仿制与引进  

Imitation and Introduction of Western“Shrapnel Guns”in China before and after Opium Wars

作　　者：王开玺[1] Wang Kaixi(School of History,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875)

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875

出　　处：《军事历史研究》2024年第4期37-45,共9页Military History Research

摘　　要：清朝统治者认为,中国在鸦片战争中遭到失败的一个重要原因,是其武器尤其是火炮落后于西方的开花炮,于是在痛定思痛中开始尝试改良制炮工艺。开花炮是西方近代工业革命的产物,但近年有学者引用左宗棠之语,认为中国早在明朝末年即已有开花炮和开花炮弹。这是一种对历史的误读。自明朝末年至鸦片战争前,中国虽已制造出很重的大炮及炮弹,但铸造工艺相当落后。鸦片战争特别是第二次鸦片战争后,清廷才开始了对西洋“开花炮”的仿制与引进,逐步完成了包括火炮和炮弹在内各种武器的制造,实现从个体工匠传统手工技艺到近代西方国家机械化生产的转型,才有了近代真正意义上的开花炮。The Qing authorities believed that one important reason for Qing's defeat in the Opium Wars was its inferior weaponry,especially the outdated artillery compared to the Western shrapnel guns,so the Qing government began to make efforts to improve its artillery manufacturing techniques.Shrapnel guns were a product of the Western Industrial Revolution;however,in recent years,some scholars,citing Zuo Zongtang,believe that China already possessed shrapnel guns and shells in late Ming Dynasty.This is a misinterpretation of history.From the late Ming Dynasty to the period of the Opium Wars,China did produce large cannons and shells,but the casting techniques were rather rudimentary.It was only after the Opium Wars,particularly the Second Opium War,that the Qing government began to imitate and introduce Western“shrapnel guns”.This marked a gradual transition from traditional individual craftsmanship to mechanized production methods of modern Western countries,ultimately achieving development of the true modern shrapnel guns.

关 键 词：鸦片战争 开花炮 开花炮弹 左宗棠 仿制 引进 

分 类 号：K257[历史地理—历史学] E295.2[历史地理—中国史]