论刑事专家意见的证据效力——以最高人民法院第1427号指导性案例为中心  

The Evidential Value of Expert Opinions in Criminal Cases:Centered on Guiding Case No.1427 of the Supreme People’s Court

作　　者：李锟[1] Li Kun(School of Criminal Law,Northwest University of Political Science and Law,Xi'an Shaanxi 710063)

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学刑事法学院,陕西西安710063

出　　处：《中国刑警学院学报》2024年第6期97-108,共12页Journal of Criminal Investigation Police University of China

基　　金：2020年度国家社会科学基金一般项目(编号:20BFX096);2021年度司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目(编号:21SFB4045);2023年度陕西省教育厅专项科研项目(编号:23JK0233)

摘　　要：专家意见是辅助法庭判断专门性问题的证据材料。受封闭式鉴定类型和法定证据种类约束,刑事案件专家意见存在性质不明、功能受限和审查规则模糊之弊。“损毁古迹案”裁判理由表明,专家意见以具有专门知识的人为主体,对案件定罪量刑具有决定作用,事实上发挥了证据的功效。2021年《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的解释》第100条对专门性问题报告的修改逻辑表明,专家意见等非法定鉴定意见属于专门性问题报告,具有证据资格,可以作为定案的根据。专门性问题报告属于单独证据种类,与鉴定意见互为补充。根据知识类型和来源,既要审查专家主体资质、判断根据、论证过程和意见的可接受性,还要判断专家提供知识的可靠性、权威性和可信性,并采用出庭说明情况、交叉询问等方式,评价其证明价值。Expert opinions in criminal cases serve as evidence to assist the court in addressing specialized issues.However,these opinions are constrained by the nature of closed identification and the types of legal evidence available,resulting in uncertainty regarding their nature,limited functionality,and a lack of established review rules.The judgment logic in the“damage to monuments”case illustrates that expert opinions,provided by individuals with specialized knowledge,play a decisive role in the conviction and sentencing processes,effectively functioning as evidence.In 2021,the rationale behind the amendment to the report on special issues in Article 100 of the Supreme People’s Court’s Interpretation of the Application of the Criminal Procedure Law clarified that non-statutory expert opinions,such as those from experts,are classified as reports on special issues.These reports possess evidentiary qualifications and can serve as a basis for judicial decisions.The report on special issues is considered a distinct type of evidence that complements expert opinions.In addition to formal examination,it is crucial to assess the reliability,authority,and credibility of the knowledge provided by experts,taking into account the type and source of that knowledge.The probative value should be evaluated through court presentation and cross-examination.

关 键 词：刑事专家意见 专门性问题报告 证据种类 准确性 证据调查 

分 类 号：D916.3[政治法律—法学]