驾驶人防止乘车人员跳车的注意义务研究  

Research on the Driver’s Duty of Care to Prevent Passengers from Jumping out of the Vehicle

作　　者：郑平心 ZHENG Pingxin(School of Law,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院,北京100872

出　　处：《中国刑警学院学报》2024年第6期66-76,共11页Journal of Criminal Investigation Police University of China

摘　　要：驾驶人注意义务主要包括排除危险与监督危险源的保证人义务,以及其他调整驾驶行为的行为准则,而驾驶人违反注意义务主要包括两种情形:一是驾驶人没有采取适当措施防止乘车人员跳车,违反了排除危险与监督危险源的保证人义务;二是在违反保证人义务之外,驾驶人还偏离了其他行为准则,对乘车人员的身体健康与生命安全创设了抽象危险,并对危险失控态势有所预见。据此,结果避免可能性的判断时间应予以提前,而且应该要求驾驶人提前履行结果回避义务。此外,结果回避义务的履行限度应当与驾驶人的主观预见内容相匹配。如果驾驶人仅基于排除危险与监督危险源的保证人地位履行注意义务,其义务履行的限度应从宽把握。但如果驾驶人除违反保证人义务外,还偏离了其他行为准则,额外地创设了抽象危险,则其义务履行应强调有效性。The driver’s duty of care primarily encompasses the obligation to eliminate dangers,supervise potential hazards,and adhere to established behavioral standards to ensure safe driving.A driver’s breach of this duty can manifest in two main scenarios.First,when a driver fails to take appropriate measures to prevent passengers from exiting the vehicle,thereby violating their obligation to mitigate risks and supervise potential dangers.Second,a driver may not only neglect this supervisory duty but also deviate from accepted behavioral norms,thereby creating additional risks that could jeopardize the health and safety of passengers.This includes situations where the driver anticipates the potential for dangerous loss of control.As a result,the timeframe for assessing the possibility of avoiding negative outcomes should be adjusted,requiring drivers to proactively fulfill their obligations to avert such consequences.Furthermore,the standards for meeting these obligations should correspond with the driver’s subjective awareness of potential risks.If a driver performs their duty of care solely as a guarantor—focused on eliminating dangers and supervising hazards—the expectations for their compliance can be interpreted more leniently.However,if the driver not only breaches their supervisory responsibilities but also strays from other behavioral norms and introduces additional risks,the emphasis on the effectiveness of their obligation to ensure safety becomes paramount.

关 键 词：过失致人重伤(死亡) 注意义务 保证人义务 预见可能性 

分 类 号：D916.3[政治法律—法学]