论驻外部队在东道国法院的刑事管辖豁免权  

On Immunity from Criminal Jurisdiction for the Overseas Military in Host States

作　　者：方瑞安 Fang Ruian

机构地区：[1]上海政法学院 [2]中国政法大学

出　　处：《刑法论丛》2023年第1期336-360,共25页Criminal Law Review

基　　金：研究阐释党的十九届六中全会精神国家社科基金重大项目“构建更加紧密的上海合作组织命运共同体的法治保障研究”(22ZDA129)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：现代海外军事行动一般通过签订驻军地位协定来分配派驻国与东道国间的刑事管辖权,但不容忽视的是,在一般国际法下存在驻外部队在东道国法院的刑事豁免权。在“二战”结束前的历史时期,驻外部队的派驻国广泛主张“船旗国法”,即驻外部队在东道国法院享有绝对刑事豁免权。而现代驻外部队的刑事豁免权逐渐倾向于“公务豁免”,且已形成习惯国际法。此种刑事豁免权的性质是国家官员在外国法院的属事刑事豁免权,权利主体包含军人、文职人员和部分承包商,行为要件为驻外部队“以官方身份从事的行为”。The criminal jurisdiction between the sending states and the receiving states is usually allocated through the Status of Forces agreement.However,it cannot be ignored that there is criminal immunity of the overseas military garrisons in the courts of the receiving state under general international law.In the historical period leading up to the end of World WarⅡ,receiving states widely advocated the“law of flag”,whereby overseas military garrisons enjoyed absolute criminal immunity in the courts of the receiving states.However,thecriminal immunity of overseas garrisons is gradually inclined to“official immunity”and has formed customary international law.The nature of such criminal immunity is that state officials are subject to criminal Immunity Ratione Materiae in foreign courts.The subjects of rights include forces,civilian components and some contractors,and the act requirement is“act performed in an official capacity”by overseas military garrisons.

关 键 词：驻外部队 刑事豁免权 国家官员 属事豁免 以官方身份从事的行为 

分 类 号：D997.9[政治法律—刑法学]