两种职业健康风险模型在铸造作业中矽尘的评估和应用  

Evaluation and Utilization of Two Models for Assessing Occupational Health Risks Associated with Silica Dust Exposure in Casting Processes

作　　者：余其 姚武 YU Qi;YAO Wu(Department of Labor Health and Environmental Hygiene,School of Public Health,Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou 450001,Henan Province,China; Disease Prevention and Control Center of Jingyang District,Deyang 618000,Sichuan Provinve,China)

机构地区：[1]郑州大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系,郑州450001 [2]德阳市旌阳区疾病预防控制中心,四川德阳618000

出　　处：《职业卫生与病伤》2024年第5期284-290,共7页Occupational Health and Damage

摘　　要：目的 评估铸造作业中矽尘的职业健康风险,探讨ICMM(国际采矿与金属委员会)定量法和风险指数法的适用性。方法 2023年对德阳市两家企业(企业A和企业B)接触矽尘的工作岗位进行现场调查及检测,采用ICMM定量法和风险指数法进行职业健康风险评估,并通过Kappa一致性检验分析其一致性。结果 企业A和企业B的矽尘接触岗位超标率分别为66.67%和33.33%;铸造作业中大部分造型岗位风险评估等级高于落砂、型砂岗位,相同岗位也可能因为接触时间、接触人数、防护设施和个人防护用品等方面的差异呈现不同的风险等级;ICMM定量法:企业A有4个岗位为不可容忍风险,2个岗位为潜在风险;企业B有4个岗位为不可容忍风险,4个岗位为潜在风险,4个岗位为可容忍风险;风险指数法:企业A有3个岗位为重度危害,3个岗位为中度危害;企业B有6个岗位为轻度危害,6个岗位为无危害。Kappa一致性检验显示,两种方法对所有岗位风险评估的一致性较差,矽尘接触浓度未超限值的岗位一致性一般,超过限值的一致性较差。结论 铸造作业存在严重的职业健康风险,应积极改善工艺,加强工程防护和个人防护;两种评估方法均可科学地评估职业健康风险。当缺乏现场检测数据、工程防护及个体防护资料时,优先选择ICMM法;在防护设施效果良好、资料充分的情况下,风险指数法能更客观反映风险等级水平。Objective To evaluate the occupational health hazards posed by silica dust in casting activities and investigate the suitability of the ICMM(International Council on Mining and Metals)quantitative approach and risk index methodology for assessing these risks.Methods Field investigations and testing were conducted at two casting enterprises.The ICMM quantitative method and risk index method were used to assess occupational health risks,and their consistency was analyzed through Kappa consistency test.Results The rates of positions with silica dust exposure exceeding the standard were 66.67%and 33.33%in enterprises A and B,respectively.Most molding positions in casting operations had higher risk assessment grades than sand shaking and molding sand positions.The same positions might also present different risk levels due to differences in exposure time,number of exposed individuals,protective facilities,and personal protective equipment.Using the ICMM quantitative method,enterprise A had 4 positions with intolerable risk and 2 position with potential risk,while enterprise B had 4 positions with intolerable risk,4 positions with potential risk,and 4 positions with tolerable risk.Using the risk index method,enterprise A has 3 posts with severe hazards and 3 posts with moderate hazards;Enterprise B has 6 posts with mild hazards and 6 posts with no hazards.According to the Kappa coefficient analysis,the two methods exhibited poor agreement in assessing the risk of all positions,with moderate consistency observed for positions where silica dust exposure concentrations were within the permissible limits,and poor consistency for those exceeding the limits.Conclusions Casting operations pose significant occupational health risks,and we should actively improve in processes,strengthen engineering protections and personal protective measures.Both assessment methods can scientifically evaluate occupational health risks.When there is a lack of on-site test data,engineering protection and individual protection data,the ICMM metho

关 键 词：矽尘 铸造作业 职业健康风险评估 

分 类 号：R135[医药卫生—劳动卫生]