工程生态位:概念、特征、类型和变移  

Engineering Niche:Conception,Characteristics,Typology,and Shift

作　　者：李三虎 Li Sanhu(School for Marxism Studies,Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006,China)

机构地区：[1]山西大学马克思主义学院,太原030006

出　　处：《工程研究——跨学科视野中的工程》2025年第1期19-31,共13页JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING STUDIES

基　　金：中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目“工程生态论的理论体系和实践研究”(2024-XZ-69)。

摘　　要：用“生态位”概念刻画工程生态的内部结构及其与外部环境之间的关系,是工程生态论的内在要求。工程行业生态状况和工程企业生态角色是理解工程生态位的两个层面属性,它们内涵着工程生态系统的生存力、发展力和竞争力。工程生态位的实际运行表现出构成因素的多维性、结构关系的多层次性以及功能发挥的多面向性。类比物种的生态位分类,可以将工程生态位分为构成性工程生态位、关系性工程生态位和外部性工程生态位三类。在工程生态系统演化过程中,工程生态位不断变移,主要表现为构建工程行业新生态的“占位”、扩大工程行业规模的“升位”和开拓工程行业新领域的“跨位”。针对工程生态位的战略管理,对于区域工程集群转型而言,就是要激励带来微观增量的渐进性创新;对新兴工程行业及其企业创业而言,则是要保护可能招致失败的颠覆性创新。This article introduces the concept of"ecological niche"to analyze the internal structure and external relationships of engineering ecosystems,aiming to offer theoretical insights and practical strategies for sustainable engineering development.By exploring the survival,growth,and competitive dynamics of engineering industries and enterprises in complex environments,the study provides a scientific foundation for strategic planning,enterprise management,and policy formulation in the engineering sector.Methodologically,the article traces the historical evolution and theoretical framework of the ecological niche concept,extending its application from biology to non-biological fields such as economics and management.Analogous to species niches,three types of engineering niches—constitutive,relational,and extrinsic—are proposed,each with distinct characteristics and formation mechanisms.Through a combination of literature review,case studies,and theoretical analysis,the article delves into the components,structural relationships,functional attributes,and evolutionary patterns of engineering niches.Case studies of Huawei's HarmonyOS system,BYD's new energy vehicles,and Continental Electromechanical illustrate the specific manifestations and strategic implications of engineering niche shifts.The findings reveal that engineering niches are multidimensional in composition,multi-layered in structure,and diverse in functionality.As engineering ecosystems evolve,niches continuously shift through"niche occupation"(establishment of new ecosystems),"niche upgrading"(expansion of industry scale),and"niche crossing"(exploration of new fields).These shifts are influenced by both internal enterprise resources and external environmental changes.Strategic management of engineering niches can stimulate incremental innovations within regional clusters and protect disruptive innovations in emerging industries,fostering sustainable development.Specifically,Huawei's HarmonyOS system exemplified niche occupation by creating a new opera

关 键 词：工程生态位 行业生态状况 企业生态角色 工程生态位变移 

分 类 号：N91[自然科学总论]