遗产管理人的履职困境与纾解之道——以遗产债务清偿为视角  

The Challenges Faced by Estate Administrator in Performing Duties and Mitigation Methods——A Perspective on Settling Estate Debts

作　　者：石婷[1] 张杰瑞 SHI Ting;ZHANG Jie-rui(School of Civil and Commercial Law,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 101408,China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学民商法学院,重庆401120 [2]中国科学院大学,北京101408

出　　处：《时代法学》2025年第1期45-57,共13页Presentday Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“民法典中的遗产管理人制度实施问题研究(22BFX075)”;重庆市教委人文社会科学研究项目“优化营商环境视阈下遗产管理人参与不动产登记的路径完善研究(24SKGH033)”的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：我国《民法典》新设遗产管理制度,体现了立法的进步和创新,顺应了社会需求。但是《民法典》第1147条对遗产管理人职责的列举式规定不够详尽,尤其在涉及遗产债务清偿的问题时,遗产管理人履职仍面临因遗产清单规则不明晰、公示催告程序缺乏、权利外观不确定、履职救济不完善、失职行为判断标准不明以及公职主体配套机制不健全等问题导致的现实困境,无法有效发挥该制度的应用功能。为切实保障遗产利害关系人的合法权益,有必要明确遗产管理人的法定义务,补全继承开始的通知规则,完善遗产管理人的权利外观,深入细化遗产管理人的履职责任,使新规与既有制度体系有机统一;同时分层解决外部配套机制问题,既完善公职主体担任遗产管理人的衔接制度,又细化外部机构工作配合机制。The establishment of the estate administrator system in China's Civil Code reflects legislative progress and innovation,aligning with the evolving societal needs.However,Article 1147 of the Civil Code provides an incomplete enumeration of the duties of estate administrator.Particularly concerning the settlement of estate debts,estate administrator still faces practical challenges in his roles due to unclear rules regarding estate inventories,a lack of public notice procedures,uncertain rights appearances,inadequate remedies for performance,ambiguous standards for assessing negligence,and the absence of a coordinated public entity support system.These contradictions persist,preventing the effective functioning of this system.To genuinely safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of estate stakeholders,it is imperative to define the legal obligations of estate administrator clearly,supplement notification rules at the beginning of inheritance,enhance the appearance of rights for estate administrator,detail the responsibilities of estate administrator,and harmonize the new regulations with the existing institutional framework.Simultaneously,resolving external support system issues in a hierarchical manner is crucial.This involves refining the system where public entities serve as estate administrator and specifying mechanisms for external institutional cooperation.

关 键 词：遗产管理人 遗产管理人职责 遗产管理人履职 遗产债务清偿 

分 类 号：D923.5[政治法律—民商法学]