债权禁止让与特约外部效力释论  

Interpretation of the External Effect of Claims Prohibition and Special Agreement

作　　者：贾彦昊 JIA Yanhao(School of Law,Shandong University,Shandong,Qingdao 266237,China)

机构地区：[1]山东大学法学院,山东青岛266237

出　　处：《时代法学》2025年第1期96-106,共11页Presentday Law Science

基　　金：教育部课题(编号:22YJC820005)的支持。

摘　　要：《民法典》第545条第2款新增债权禁止让与特约的外部效力条款,该款的学理基础和具体构造仍有待解释论澄清。债权让与不生效说与履行拒绝权说在比较法上均有其支持者,但从论证充分程度、证明责任和契约观念现代化、体系融入程度等角度来看,履行拒绝权说更具理论优势,故我国在特约外部效力的规范阐释上应采纳之。在金钱债权禁止让与特约中,全然剥夺特约外部效力不会导致债务人利益落空,此种政策逻辑对法律逻辑的矫正具有正当性;金钱债权范围应当结合债权可让与性、保护手段有效性等标准综合判断;在让与人破产时,金钱债权流通性存在保护漏洞,可通过完善提存制度加以填补。在非金钱债权禁止让与特约中,恶意第三人应当包括因明知或重大过失而不知的受让人、转得人和债权质权人,在“胶着状态”中存在债权流通性保护漏洞,可通过必要手段加以完善。Article 545(2)of the Civil Code has added a new provision on the external effect of the prohibition of alienation contract,the theoretical basis and specific construction of which still need to be clarified by the interpretative theory.There are supporters in comparative law for both the theory of the ineffectiveness of the assignment of claims and the theory of the right of refusal of performance,but the theory of the right of refusal of performance is more theoretically advantageous in terms of the adequacy of the argumentation,the burden of proof,and the modernisation of the concept of contract,and the degree of integration into the system,etc.,and it should be adopted by our country in terms of the normative interpretation of the external effect of the special agreement.In the pecuniary claims anti-assignment privilege,the total deprivation of the external effect of the privilege will not lead to the debtor's interests being lost,and this policy logic is justified in correcting the legal logic;the scope of pecuniary claims should be judged comprehensively in combination with the criteria of the assignability of the claims and the effectiveness of the means of protection;in the case of the assignor's bankruptcy,there is a loophole in the protection of the liquidity of pecuniary claims,which may be filled by perfecting the deposit system.In a special anti-assignment agreement for non-monetary claims,bad faith third parties should include assignees,transferees and pledgees of claims who are unaware of such claims due to knowledge or gross negligence;there is a loophole in the protection of the liquidity of claims in a“sticky situation”,which can be improved by necessary means.

关 键 词：禁止让与特约 履行拒绝权 债权流通性 恶意受让人 债务人利益 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]