前沿技术研发如何平衡国家战略与原创探索——以美国国家人工智能研究所为例  

Balancing national strategy and original exploration in research and development of cutting-edge technologies:A case study of the U.S.National Artificial Intelligence Research Institute

作　　者：张锦程 张辉 李瑞 ZHANG Jin-cheng;ZHANG Hui;LI Rui(School of International Relations and Public Affairs,Fudan University,Shanghai 200433,China;School of Public Affairs,University of Science and Technology of China,Hefei 230026,China;Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院,上海200433 [2]中国科学技术大学公共事务学院,安徽合肥230026 [3]中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院,北京100190

出　　处：《科学学研究》2025年第1期26-37,共12页Studies in Science of Science

基　　金：中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院院长青年基金项目(E3X1891Q);国家社会科学基金重点项目(24AGL009);民盟北京市委2024年参政议政重点课题“北京发展人工智能产业的问题和对策研究”。

摘　　要：以人工智能为代表的前沿技术具有高风险和高投入的特征,在研发过程中会存在“确定的”国家战略和“不确定的”原创探索的矛盾。建立以国家使命目标为导向并充分发挥创新网络效能的创新组织模式,对中国实现科技自立自强具有重要意义。本研究选取美国国家人工智能研究所为案例对象,发现其实现国家导向下的探索研究的机理在于:(1)宏观层面通过部门协调执行顶层战略决策,贯彻国家使命和愿景;(2)中观层面构建“分布式聚合”创新网络,扩大创新主体的参与;(3)微观层面实施行政领导和业界专家等多方主体参与的项目运行机制,将战略引导和自由探索结合。进而总结出平衡国家战略和原创探索的“顶层设计—创新网络—运行机制”的前沿技术组织理论框架,并结合实践提出适合中国的前沿技术创新组织模式,为部署关键共性技术和未来技术研发提供政策启示。Cutting-edge technologies,epitomized by artificial intelligence,embody characteristics of high risk and high investment.In the development process,a tension arises between the“certain”national strategy and the“uncertain”original exploration.Establishing an innovative organizational model guided by national mission objectives and leveraging the effectiveness of innovation networks is crucial for achieving technological self-reliance in China.This study selects the National Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the United States as a case study and identifies the mechanism through which it achieves exploratory research under national guidance as follows:(1)At the macro-level,top-level strategic decisions are implemented through departmental coordination,embodying national missions and visions.(2)At the meso-level,a“distributed aggregation”innovation network is constructed to expand the participation of innovation actors.(3)At the micro-level,an operational mechanism involving multiple stakeholders,such as administrative leadership and industry experts,is implemented to integrate strategic guidance with free exploration.Subsequently,this study tentatively proposes a theoretical framework for Cutting-edge technology organizations that balance national strategy and original exploration,consisting of“top-level design—innovation network—operational mechanism”.And in conjunction with practical applications,we propose a cutting-edge technology innovation organization model suitable for China.This model offers policy insights for the development of key common technology and future technology.

关 键 词：人工智能 创新网络 前沿技术 国家战略 美国国家科学基金会 

分 类 号：F426.63[经济管理—产业经济]