“乃工于谋人而拙于谋天也”——在世界历史语境中再论封建和郡县之争  

“Human Machinations Do Not Amount to Good Governance”:Discourses on the Institutions of Fengjian and Junxian in the Context of World History

作　　者：彭小瑜[1] Peng Xiaoyu(Department of History,Peking University,Beijing100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系,北京100871

出　　处：《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期91-106,共16页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：国家在封建社会为地主阶级统治农民和获取农民的剩余劳动产品提供了超经济强制的支持。地主剥削农民的方式不仅包括收取劳役和实物等不同形式的地租,也采取地主阶级国家征收赋税的方式。在中世纪欧洲,地主剥削的典型方式曾经长期是领主对农奴进行劳役和实物地租剥削,与之匹配的政治统治特点是大贵族的政治特权以及国王与贵族的紧密合作。而在古代中国,除了收地租之外,地主阶级在相当程度上通过征收国家赋税的方式对农民进行剥削,封建生产方式具有赋税国家模式的特征,与之匹配的政治统治特点是比较成熟的古代帝国中央政府。在地租和赋税两种剥削方式的张力背后,存在着封建社会地主阶级如何分配经济利益和政治权力的问题,存在着他们内部发生重大矛盾和冲突的可能性。古代和现代中国学人的“封建与郡县之辨”偏重讨论古代政治和行政体制的得失,比较少分析该问题背后的政治经济学原理。无论是在古代中国,还是在晚期罗马帝国、拜占庭帝国以及欧亚大陆其他一些国家,赋税国家模式是封建生产方式的主要形式,其行政体制往往采取与郡县制类似的制度。在这种体制下,如果皇帝加大赋税征收力度,试图最大限度地动用全国的人力物力资源来平定危机时期的内乱外患,会遭遇巨大的困难,因为中央政府不仅需要维护地方社会的安定,还需要得到各地实力派的认同和支持,而严重的内部外部危机往往会导致地方社会的凋敝衰败,也会导致地方上的地主阶级成员为了保护自己的地租收益和地方局部利益而漠视甚至损害古代帝国的整体利益。所以顾炎武在议论封建制与郡县制得失的时候提出,古代帝国得以维持和平与繁荣的关键在于整个地主阶级能够团结和搁置权力斗争,在于中央政府能够得到经济活跃和治理完善的地方社会的�In the economic and political structure of feudal society,the state plays a crucial role in ensuring the class of landlords its domination over peasants,and its extraction by extra-economic coercion from peasants of their surplus labor through rent,tribute or both.For example,in medieval Europe,rent-paying was for a long time typical of its feudal mode of production with usually powerful local magnates and centrifugal potentialities,while in ancient China,various forms of tribute extraction from smallholding peasantry constituted the predominant feature of the feudal mode of production there,that is,the tributary mode of production,with highly centralizedadministration and delicate issues of balancing imperial power and local politics.Among ancient and modern Chinese scholars,the discourses on the institutions of fengjian(封建)and junxian(郡县)have been paying more attention to their advantages and disadvantages in the state administration,and less to the root cause analysis of the dilemma the imperial government had to confront.In the later Roman Empire,the Byzantine Empire and other Eurasian states,as well as in ancient China,the tributary mode of production was inextricably related with the institution of junxian or similar administrative systems,and the political affairs during the times of crisis were to become extremely difficult when the emperor tried to mobilize enormous resources extracted through the tributary mode in maintaining domestic order and defending the great empire from external enemies,and meanwhile to keep regional centers stable,vigorous and receptive to imperial ideology,because the central government tended in the process either to emasculate local communities or to embolden local landlords,always relying on the rent-paying as a way to exploit peasants,to seek increased degrees of autonomy(fengjian)and even outright independence.Gu Yanwu(顾炎武),the sage with insightful remarks on fengjian and junxian,was therefore convinced that the key to keeping an empire in peace and prosperity

关 键 词：封建 郡县 秦朝 罗马帝国 

分 类 号：K107[历史地理—历史学]