不同施肥对稻田氮磷流失的影响及机制分析  

Effect and mechanism analysis of different fertilization methods on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in paddy field

作　　者：骆美 李静 高庭峰 Nebiyou Legesse 刘莹 张可欣 赖锡军[3] 马友华[1] 胡宏祥[1] LUO Mei;LI Jing;GAO Tingfeng;Nebiyou Legesse;LIU Ying;ZHANG Kexin;LAI Xijun;MA Youhua;HU Hongxiang(College of Resources and Environment,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei 230036,China;School of Life and Food Engineering,Fuyang Normal University,Fuyang 236037,China;Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,China)

机构地区：[1]安徽农业大学资源与环境学院,合肥230036 [2]阜阳师范大学生物与食品工程学院,安徽阜阳236037 [3]中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所,南京210008

出　　处：《农业环境科学学报》2025年第1期126-139,共14页Journal of Agro-Environment Science

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1702100);安徽省教育厅自然科学重点项目(2022AH050911);安徽省哲学社会科学规划项目(AHSKQ2020D156);烔炀河流域氮磷控制示范工程跟踪研究项目(2021AFFBZ02978)。

摘　　要：为探讨秸秆还田、缓释肥和水溶性肥料配施化肥对稻田径流氮磷流失的影响及机制,于2022—2023年采用田间小区试验,设置不施肥(CK)、推荐施肥(OF)、秸秆还田与化肥配施(SF)、缓释肥与化肥配施(SRF)和水溶性肥料与化肥配施(WSF)5个处理,对稻田径流氮磷流失、水稻产量和土壤肥力进行研究。结果表明:SRF和WSF处理较OF处理均降低径流氮磷流失量,年平均总氮流失量分别降低43.73%和45.10%,总磷流失量分别降低57.34%和62.36%,而SF处理2022年总氮和总磷流失量分别提高了11.64%和25.00%;与OF处理相比,SF、SRF和WSF处理水稻产量分别提高1.78%、2.67%和1.45%,各施肥处理对稻田土壤肥力指标均有提升效果,总体表现为SRF处理提升效果最佳。相关性分析表明稻田径流总氮流失量和总磷流失量均与径流量、径流氮磷浓度、土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量、磷酸酶和脲酶活性呈正相关,而与氮磷浓度比、土壤pH、全氮、全磷、微生物量碳和微生物量磷含量呈负相关。因此,缓释肥配施化肥和水溶性肥料配施化肥提高水稻产量的同时减少氮和磷径流损失,是促进巢湖地区农业可持续生产和减少稻田面源污染的有效农艺措施。To investigate the effects of straw returning,slow-release fertilizer and water-soluble fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer on nitrogen and phosphorus loss and and mechanism in runoff water from paddy fields,we carried out a field plot experiment and set up five treatments(blank control,CK;recommended fertilization,OF;straw returning combined with chemical fertilizer,SF;slow-release fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer,SRF;and water-soluble fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer,WSF)to study runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus,rice yield,and soil fertility in 2022—2023.The results showed that both SRF and WSF treatments decreased runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus compared with the OF treatment,the annual average TN loss decreased by 43.73% and 45.10%,and the TP loss decreased by 57.34% and 62.36%,respectively.However,in 2022,TN and TP loss increased by 11.64% and 25.00%,respectively,under SF treatment.Compared with the OF treatment,SF,SRF and WSF treatments increased rice yield by 1.78%,2.67% and 1.45%,respectively.All fertilization treatments had an effect on soil fertility index of paddy fields,and the SRF treatment had the best effect on soil fertility index.Correlation analysis showed that TN loss and TP loss in paddy runoff were positively correlated with volume of runoff,nitrogen and phosphorus concentration,soil nitrate nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen content,phosphatase and urease activities,but negatively correlated with nitrogen and phosphorus concentration ratio,soil pH,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass phosphorus content.Consequently,slow-release fertilizer or water-soluble fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer all can improve rice yield and reduce nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss,which are the effective agronomic measures to promote sustainable agricultural production and reduce non-point source pollution from the paddy fields in the Chaohu Lake area.

关 键 词：秸秆还田 缓释肥 水溶性肥料 水稻产量 氮磷流失 土壤肥力 

分 类 号：S158.5[农业科学—土壤学]