孟德斯鸠政治思想的共和理路——基于自由主义与共和主义的争论  

On Montesquieu’s Republican Logic of Political Thought:Based on the Debate Between Liberalism and Republicanism

作　　者：张旭 ZHANG Xu(School of International Relations,University of International Business and Economics,Beijing 100029,China)

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学国际关系学院,北京100029

出　　处：《燕山大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期73-81,共9页Journal of Yanshan University:Philosophy and Social Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“当代西方共和主义理论跟踪研究”(23CZZ053);对外经济贸易大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“孟德斯鸠政治思想中的国家建构问题研究”(21QD14)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在对孟德斯鸠的政治思想进行定位时,自由主义与共和主义是一组竞争性的视角,自由主义论者从孟德斯鸠关于自然法的主张出发,通过强调共和政体的不可欲与共和价值的不适用,突出其对英格兰政制或君主政体的赞赏。共和主义论者则弱化孟德斯鸠对共和政体的贬抑,将现代政制所保障的自由同公民美德与公民身份进行关联。论文肯定了孟德斯鸠的共和理路,指出其对共和政体的拒绝是一种描述性的判断,而在规范性的立场上,其主张则与共和价值及相应制度颇为契合。这主要体现在他的自由观透露出的是“无支配的自由”内涵,它抵御的是专制主义下的奴役状态。此外他的分权理论表达出混合宪制的古典构想,而在宗教和商业等议题上也展现了鲜明的共和取向。Concerning the interpretation of Montesquieu’s political thought,liberalism and republicanism are two agonistic perspectives.Liberalism advocates start from Montesquieu’s claims about the law of nature,emphasizing the undesirability of a republican form of government and the inapplicability of republican values,highlighting his admiration for the English political system or constitutional monarchy.Republicanism advocates,on the other hand,downplay Montesquieu’s denigration of the republican form of government,linking the freedom guaranteed by modern political systems with civic virtue and citizenship.This paper affirms Montesquieu’s republican logic,pointing out that his rejection of the republican form of government is a descriptive judgment,while his normative stance aligns well with republican values and corresponding institutions.This is mainly reflected in his concept of freedom,which conveys the connotation of“freedom from domination”,resisting the state of servitude under despotism.Additionally,his theory of the separation of powers expresses the classical conception of mixed constitution,and on issues such as religion and commerce,he also shows a distinct republican orientation.

关 键 词：孟德斯鸠 自由主义 共和主义 《论法的精神》 自由 

分 类 号：D07[政治法律—政治学]