我国规模化牧场奶牛胎衣不下和急性子宫炎发病规律调查  

Investigation on the Occurrence Patterns of Retained Placenta and Acute Metritis in Dairy Cows on Large-Scale Farms in China

作　　者：童晓芳 程思颖 郭志刚 徐闯 韩博[1] 高健[1] TONG Xiaofang;CHENG Siying;GUO Zhigang;XU Chuang;HAN Bo;GAO Jian(College of Veterinary Medicine,China Agriculture University,Beijing 100193,China;Modern Farming(Group)Corporation,Maanshan 243000,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学动物医学院,北京海淀100193 [2]现代牧业(集团)有限公司,安徽马鞍山243000

出　　处：《中国兽医杂志》2025年第2期33-39,共7页Chinese Journal of Veterinary Medicine

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1801101);奶牛产后子宫-卵巢功能分级与保健体系技术体系研发(2021BBF02037)。

摘　　要：为了解我国规模化牧场中分娩奶牛胎衣不下和急性子宫炎的发病规律及其影响因素,本调查收集了2022年11月—2023年10月我国10个规模化牧场102746头分娩奶牛数据,其中包括7139例胎衣不下和6146例急性子宫炎病例;分析统计各病例发病日期、产犊胎次、妊娠天数、难产等级、犊牛状态和产房垫料类型。结果显示,奶牛胎衣不下和急性子宫炎的发病率分别为6.95%和5.98%;春季(3~5月)是奶牛胎衣不下和急性子宫炎的高发季节;胎次与胎衣不下发病率呈中等正相关(τ=0.477,P=0.042),与急性子宫炎发病率呈负相关(τ=-0.491,P=0.036);妊娠天数≤270 d奶牛的2种疾病发病率最高,分别为15.99%和11.07%;难产与胎衣不下(τ=0.333,P=0.497)和急性子宫炎(τ=0.667,P=0.174)发病率不相关;犊牛状态对胎衣不下(χ^(2)=3459.03,P<0.01)和急性子宫炎(χ^(2)=1437.63,P<0.01)发病率均存在极显著影响;使用稻草垫料奶牛的2种疾病发病率最高,分别为8.66%和7.06%,对于胎衣不下,使用混合垫料奶牛的发病率最低(4.18%),对于急性子宫炎,使用小麦秸秆垫料奶牛的发病率最低(4.34%);胎衣不下和急性子宫炎奶牛60 d内死淘率分别为11.11%和8.98%;胎衣不下对急性子宫炎有极显著影响(χ^(2)=671.92,P<0.01)。结果表明,针对高发季节、胎次、犊牛状态和产房垫料的管理优化,可能有助于降低奶牛胎衣不下和急性子宫炎的发生率,从而提高牧场经济效益和动物福利。To understand the occurrence patterns and influencing factors of retained placenta and acute metritis in parturient dairy cows on large-scale farms in China,this study collected data from 102746 calving dairy cows across 10 large-scale farms between November 2022 and October 2023,including 7139 cases of retained placenta and 6146 cases of acute metritis.The occurrence date,parity,gestation length,dystocia grade,calf condition,and maternity pen bedding type were analyzed.The results showed that the incidence rates of retained placenta and acute metritis were 6.95%and 5.98%,respectively.Spring(March to May)was the peak season for both conditions.Parity was moderately positively correlated with the incidence of retained placenta(τ=0.477,P=0.042)and negatively correlated with acute metritis(τ=-0.491,P=0.036).Cows with a gestation length of≤270 days had the highest incidence rates for both conditions,at 15.99%and 11.07%,respectively.Dystocia was not correlated with retained placenta(τ=0.333,P=0.497)or acute metritis(τ=0.667,P=0.174).Calf condition significantly influenced the incidence of both retained placenta(χ^(2)=3459.03,P<0.01)and acute metritis(χ^(2)=1437.63,P<0.01).Cows bedded with rice straw had the highest incidence rates of retained placenta and acute metritis,at 8.66%and 7.06%,respectively.The lowest retained placenta incidence was observed in cows using mixed bedding(4.18%),while the lowest acute metritis incidence was observed in cows using wheat straw bedding(4.34%).The 60-day cull rates for retained placenta and acute metritis cows were 11.11%and 8.98%,respectively.Retained placenta significantly influenced the incidence of acute metritis(χ^(2)=671.92,P<0.01).These findings suggest that optimizing management practices related to seasonal outbreaks,parity,calf condition,and maternity pen bedding may help reduce the incidence of retained placenta and acute metritis,thereby improving farm economic efficiency and animal welfare.

关 键 词：奶牛 胎衣不下 急性子宫炎 发病特征 

分 类 号：S857.2[农业科学—临床兽医学]