九品官人法中的“二品才堪”问题新论  

A New Discussion of the“Qualified for Second-Grade Office”in the Nine-grade Official Appointment System

作　　者：李济沧[1] Li Jicang

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学历史系,江苏南京210097

出　　处：《文史哲》2025年第1期63-74,166,共13页Literature,History,and Philosophy

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“魏晋变革视野下的六朝‘乡品’研究”(23AZS003)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：东晋南朝时期九品官人法中所谓的“二品才堪”,概指那些并无乡品二品身份的寒门寒人出身者就任了只有乡品二品获得者才能担任的官职。六朝时期,乡品二品是区分士庶之别的标尺,决定了官职的清浊和升迁的途径,在贵族官僚体制的运转中发挥着举足轻重的作用。贵族身份与乡品二品紧密相连,而东晋南朝的皇权对乡品二品的获得基本无法干涉,但可以利用“二品才堪”的政策提拔亲信寒人。“二品才堪”的实施,一方面说明贵族通过乡品二品的掌控,在成为王朝官僚之后仍然保持着一定的自律性;另一方面也反映出经历了政权更替的皇权对于贵族的自律性仍予以足够的尊重。提拔或任用寒人,但却在贵族制度的框架之内实施,皇权与贵族制度的这种关系显示了东晋南朝时代的特殊历史结构。In the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties,the term“qualified for second-grade office”in the Nine-grade Official Appointment System referred broadly to those individuals from humble backgrounds who,despite not possessing the second-grade rural rating,were appointed to positions typically reserved for those who did.During the Six dynasties,the second-grade rural rating served as a benchmark distinguishing the aristocracy from the commoners,determining the purity or impurity of official positions and the pathways for advancement,thereby playing a pivotal role in the functioning of the aristocratic bureaucratic system.Aristocratic status was closely tied to the second-grade rural rating,and the imperial power of the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties had little influence over the attainment of this rating but could utilize the“qualified for second-grade office”policy to promote trusted individuals from humble backgrounds.The implementation of this policy indicates,on the one hand,that the aristocracy,through their control of the second-grade rural rating,maintained a certain degree of self-discipline after becoming part of the dynastic bureaucracy.On the other hand,it also reflects that the imperial power,which had undergone regime changes,still granted sufficient respect to the self-discipline of the aristocracy.The promotion or appointment of individuals from humble backgrounds,implemented within the framework of the aristocratic system,demonstrates the unique historical structure of the Eastern Jin and Southern dynasties.

关 键 词：九品官人法 二品才堪 乡品二品 皇权 贵族制度 

分 类 号：I20[文学—中国文学]