史料黑洞——唐代涉医墓志中的家族书写  

The Black Hole of Historical Materials——Family Writing in the Tomb Inscriptions of Medical Men in the Tang Dynasty

作　　者：于赓哲[1] 牛建州 Yu Gengzhe;Niu Jianzhou

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,西安710119

出　　处：《清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2025年第1期86-105,262,共21页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

摘　　要：墓志与其说是死者生前意志的体现,不如说是家族书写,家族意志往往凌驾于个人之上。在“巫医乐师百工之人君子不齿”的背景下,墓主的伎术经历有时会被有意掩盖,尤其是墓主有其他清望官、清官仕宦历程,则其本人或者先祖的伎术生涯在墓志中可以置之不谈,无论这种生涯如何辉煌。例如以医术见重于梁、周的姚僧垣,其后代姚思廉治《陈书》的春秋笔法及其他姚家后代多方墓志证明,姚家已经形成了一种叙述范式,即讳谈姚僧垣医术出身,只盛赞其文德和功勋。孙思邈的医学生涯,在其子太子中允孙行的墓志中不着一字。曾经撰写医学七经之一《黄帝内经太素》的杨上善,医学成就在墓志中也只字未提。此类讳笔会造成墓志中的“史料黑洞”。与此同时,墓主本官如果一直在本司迁转,则家族撰写墓志的时候可能不讳。另外,假如墓主后嗣依旧从事医学,则墓志也可能不讳。讳与不讳并存,背后是社会价值观的折射,有时并非墓主本意。史学界不可不察。The epitaph serves more as a familial narrative than as a manifestation of the deceased's will,while the family will often overrides individual identity.Sun Simiao's medical career,in his son Sun Xing's epitaph was not mentioned.Yang Shangshan,who once wrote one of the Seven Classics of Medicine—Huangdi Neijing Taisu—also refrained from referencing his medical achievements within his own epitaph.This kind of taboo will cause the“historical black hole”in the epitaph.Conversely,should a deceased individual's official position have promotions and transfers within the same department,families might choose to acknowledge this when composing an epitaph.Furthermore,if the descendants continue to engage in medical official position themselves,such details may likewise be included without reservation.This interplay between taboo and not taboo reflects broader societal values and does not always align with the intentions of those commemorated.Thus the historical community cannot ignore it.

关 键 词：墓志 姚僧垣 孙思邈 杨上善 讳笔 本司迁转 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]